CULTIVATION OF MELON VARIETIES AND STUDY OF THEIR AGROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ABSTRACT

In this article, we have presented information about the general quality indicators of export and local late-season varieties of melons and watermelons from the Polish products grown in our country. The agrobiological and technological indicators of these melon varieties are presented. Brief information about the technology of cultivation of melon varieties, planting scheme and harmful insects and diseases is presented.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В этой статье мы представили информацию об общих качественных показателях экспортных и местных позднеспелых сортов дынь и арбузов из польских продуктов, выращенных в нашей стране. Представлены агробиологические и технологические показатели этих сортов дыни. Приведены краткие сведения о технологии выращивания сортов дыни, схеме посадки и вредных насекомых и болезнях.

Keywords: Dry matter, sugar content, clechatka, melon peel, melon varieties, watermelon varieties, cut, thorny, kidney-shaped, keeping, ellipsoidal, round, hard-skinned, juicy, soluble, aromatic.

Ключевые слова: Сухое вещество, сахаристость, клечатка, кожура дыни, сорта дыни, сорта арбуза, нарезка, колючая, почковидная, лежкость, эллипсоидная, округлая, твердокожая, сочная, растворимая, ароматная.

14 countries account for 85% of the total volume of melons grown in the world, namely China, Turkey, Iran, India, Kazakhstan, USA, Uzbekistan, Egypt, Spain, Guatemala, Italy, Mexico, Brazil and Morocco. is coming. In 2018, on the world scale, the total value is 1.8 billion dollars, 2.4 million. tons of melons were exported. The largest melon exporters are Spain, Guatemala, Brazil, Honduras, USA, Netherlands, Mexico and Costa Rica. The total share of melon exports of these eight countries in the world market is about 80%.

The largest melon importing countries in the world are USA, Netherlands, France, England, Canada, Germany and Iraq. About 65-70% of melon imports correspond to the total contribution of these seven countries. The fact that the Netherlands is on the list of the largest exporters and importers is explained by the fact that it is a large re-exporter. In terms of value, the largest melon markets in the world are the USA (400-470 million dollars), France (180-200 million dollars), England (160-180 million dollars), Germany (130-170 million dollars). . dollars) and in Canada (100 million dollars).

In Uzbekistan, on average, more than 60,000 hectares of fruit crops are planted every year, of which 60-65% are watermelons, and 35-38% are melons. More than 150 cultivated varieties of melon have been created in our country, of which more than 50 varieties have been regionalized. Melon is a heat-loving, light-loving plant, resistant to drought and soil salinity. Melon varieties grown in Uzbekistan include handalak, amiri, kassaba and zard belonging to four botanical species. In Central Asia, melon ranks first in terms of cultivated area among cash crops. In Uzbekistan and other Central Asian republics, melons belonging to the Central Asian subspecies are mainly grown.

In 2021, 2.3 million tons of sugarcane crops were grown in our country. According to the State Statistics Committee, in 2021, Surkhandarya region took the lead with the production of 320,300 tons of rice products. 269.5 thousand tons of Jizzakh and 260.8 thousand tons of Syrdarya were accounted for. Karakalpakstan - 164,800 tons of poliz products were grown.

Last year, the value of poly products grown in our country was about 34 mln. 104,000 tons of melons and watermelons were exported. For comparison, in the same period last year, 12.3 mln. 29,700 tons of melons and watermelons valued at USD 29,000 were exported. This year's export volume has increased by almost 3 times in terms of total value and quantity compared to the corresponding period of last year. In particular, the volume of watermelon export increased almost 8 times (from 6,300 to 49,000 tons), and melon export increased by 2.4 times (from 22,700 to 54,700 tons).

Biological and morphological characteristics of melon. Melon sucumis melo is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family of cucurbits and belonging to the family of cucurbits. The seed begins to germinate when the soil temperature reaches 14-150C. Melon seeds germinate in 5-7 days after planting. If the temperature drops below 130C, the seeds will rot. The leaf of the melon is strong, it grows on the ground, and 3-4 rows of branches grow from it, and the length is 3-4 m, and the average length of all the branches in the leaf is 20-25 m.

There are early, mid-ripening, and late-ripening varieties of melon. The shape of the melon fruit is round, oval, and oblong. The skin is thick 1.5-2 cm, medium 1 - 1.5 cm, thin 0.5 - 1.4 cm, hard, flesh very soft, soft, soft, fluffy, sershira, kumak, some fibrous, white, red, yellow, greener. The seed is white, light yellow and yellow. The weight of 1000 seeds is 30-45g. Depending on the varieties, the weight of the melon contains 63-84 seeds, skin 10-30 seeds, and the seed content is 3.1-7.7%.

Chemical composition of melon fruit. Fruit contains 8-20% dry matter, 18% sugar (sucrose), 0.1-0.7% fiber, 0.2-35.2 mg% C, RR vitamins, folic acid, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium , there are iron, phosphorus, sulfur and trace elements. Melon is recommended in medicine for the treatment of gout, tuberculosis, anemia, dysentery, liver and kidney diseases. In folk medicine, it is used as a cure for gout (niqriz), a diuretic, relieves constipation, and calms the nerves.

Varieties recommended for planting. The most cultivated melon varieties in the republic are Okurug, Asati, Borikalla, Koktinna, Kokcha, Chogari, Kizil urug, Local yellow handalak, Obi novvot, Shakarpalak, Rohat, Suyunchi-2, Altin. Vady, Lazzatli, Oltintepa, Kichkintoy, Gurvak, Toyona, Gurlan, Amudaryo, Gulobi Khorazmi, Zar Gulobi, Sakhavat, Torpeda, Umrbaqi, Beshak, Davlatboy, Tashloqi, Dahbedi, Koybosh, Gulobi and others. Early varieties ripen in 55-65, mid-ripening in 67-70, late varieties in 80-90 days. Cantaloupe is eaten fresh, cantaloupe is made into pulp.

Melon planting scheme:  Melon is planted in 3 terms. In the central regions of Uzbekistan, early varieties of melons are available until April 15, middle varieties from April 20 to May 10, late varieties from May 15 to June 10; in the southern regions, early varieties are planted until April 10, middle varieties are planted on April 10-20, and late varieties are planted on June 10-20. In the northern regions, it is necessary to plant early melons until April 20, late melons from April 25 to May 10, and late melons on May 20-30. Planting scheme depending on the melon variety and conditions (210+70): 2x70cm, (270+90): 2x70cm, Seeds are treated and warmed for 2-3 days before planting, seeds are sown 3-6 cm deep, 1 ha by hand 2.5-3.0 kg of seed is used for planting, depending on the size of the seed, 5-6 kg of seed is used for sowing with a seed drill. The length of the root shoots is up to 1 m. During harvesting, only one plant is left. During the growing season, the rows are softened 2-3 times. It is watered 5-6 times depending on the soil conditions. Productivity is 250-300 s/ha.

Fertilization. 300-400 kg of organic fertilizers containing 0.750 g of nitrogen, 0.750 g of phosphorus and 0.500 g of potassium are applied to 1 square meter of melon. It is sufficient to water the crop 8-9 times at the rate of 4-5 m3 per 1 acre during the growing season. Fields with seepage water are irrigated less often (4-5 times) than those with gray soil. Even water supply of polys crops during the growing season is a guarantee of increasing productivity.

Fighting diseases and pests. Before planting seeds, it is recommended to soak them with Fundazol (4-8 g per 1 kg of seeds) or Ponaktin (4 g per 1 kg of seeds). In order to neutralize diseases, the seeds are soaked in micronutrients before sowing. They are: copper, zinc and manganese (0.05% or 0.5 g/kg), iron and boron (0.025% or 2.5 g/kg). Freezing lasts 12 hours when the liquid temperature is 20-22^oC.

Pests are aphids (aphids), spider mites, spider mites, autumn moths, beetles, melon flies, etc.

Methods of control: following agrotechnical method of crop rotation, deep plowing, watering.

Biologically, it is recommended to use the golden-eyed beetle against aphids and spider mites, and the encarsia parasite against spider mites.

In the chemical method, aphids, Mospilan 20% (25-30 ml), Cypermethrin 25% (30 ml) and other drugs are used against aphids per 10 square meters. Atilla 5% em.k. against melon grass fly and melon fly. (200 ml), Sumi-Alfa 5% em.k. (300 g) preparations are used.

Diseases. Against root rot, fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, common cucumber mosaic, follow crop rotation, eliminate plant residues, fungicides Topaz 10% (200-250 ml), Kurzat R n. cook (200-250 g), it is recommended to spray Foliar BT 22.5% (50 ml) preparations mixed with 60-70 liters of water.

Harvesting. Melons are harvested three to five times by picking the ripe ones. The harvest of varieties planted in the late season is harvested once. Ripe melons will die if they stay in the refrigerator for a long time.

Different types of melons of our country are also popular in foreign markets. Therefore, every year, these products are exported in large quantities to foreign countries. In particular, in 2022, our country exported 82.9 thousand tons of melons and watermelons worth 22.7 million dollars. This year, melons and watermelons grown in our country were delivered to the markets of 23 foreign countries, and the export volume decreased by 22.7 thousand tons compared to 2021.

Baby. Early to mid-season variety, growing period 75-¬80 days. Palagi is strong, strong. The leaves are thick, dark green, and cut. The fruit is spherical, medium, weighing 0.8-1.2 kg, the surface is flat, yellow, completely covered with a soft net. The flesh is light green, dense, soft, and has a pleasant smell. Sugar content is 14.4%. Productivity is 19-22 t/ha. Resistant to powdery mildew.

Torpedo. Normal oval fruits grow from 0.3 to 0.5 m in length; yellow skin covered with a network of silvery veins; the pulp is milky, about 6 cm thick; consistency is watery, oily; a large number of seeds. The taste of Torpedo melon in the sun and hot summer was evaluated as very good. In the middle line, the amount of sugar in the fruit can be significantly reduced.

Koktinny-1087. Medium grade, growing period 80-85 days. Palagi is long, the leaf is kidney-shaped. The fruit is cylindrical, weighing 3.5-6.0 kg, the surface is smooth, light green, medium-celled, rough, the skin is hard. The flesh is white, thick, crispy, sweet. The amount of sugar in the composition is 8-11%. Productivity is 22-26 t/ha. Good transportability. Medium shelf life.

White seed-1137. Early ripening variety, growth period 80-88 days. Palagi is medium. The leaf is kidney-shaped, not cut. The fruit is oblong, weighing 4.0-7.0 kg, the surface is smooth, the fruit-bearing part is green and the upper part is white, the skin is medium hard. The flesh is white, thick, low in fiber, low in rancidity, juicy, low in smell. The amount of sugar in the composition is 8.2-9.4%. Productivity is 25-35 t/ha.

Shakarpalak-2580. Medium grade, growing period 80¬-90 days. Palagi is average. The leaf is round-heart-shaped, medium-sized. The fruit is cylindrical-elliptic, weighs 3.0-4.0 kg, the surface is smooth, white-red, there are small green spots under the mesh, the mesh is full, the skin is hard. The flesh is reddish, medium-thick, medium-fiber, crispy, juicy, sweet, with a vanilla smell. The sugar content is 9.0-11.0%. Productivity is 25-30 t/ha.

Suyunchi-2. Medium variety, growing period 83-87 days. The fruit is oblong-egg-shaped, weighs 2.0-2.5 kg, the surface is smooth, the mesh is full, with small cells, it gives a gray color to the melon, the skin is light-colored, it has a double silent path. The flesh is red, crackling, juicy, sweet. The content of sugar is 10.6-11.8%. Productivity is 25¬-30 t/ha. Resistant to powdery mildew.

Dice rose. Mid evening, growing period 100-105 days. Palagi is a strong grower. The leaf is heart-shaped, with jagged edges, and is green in color. The fruit is egg-shaped, weighs 5-6 kg, the surface is smooth, the side of the fruit band is slightly segmented and covered with a net, yellow-green color, the skin is medium thick. The flesh is white, 7-8 cm thick, semi-carcinoid, during storage, the flesh is soft, tender, soluble. The content of sugar content is 12-14%. Productivity is 40-45 t/ha.

Melon variety Assate-3806. Is a medium-ripening variety, the growing season is 81-97 days. Palagi is medium. The leaf is heart-shaped, medium-sized. The fruit is egg-shaped, weighs 3.4-4.0 kg, the surface is smooth, yellow, the mesh is full, the skin is soft. The flesh is white, thick, low in fiber, very juicy, sweet, pear-scented. The content of sugar content is 7.3-8.9%. Productivity is 25-30 t/ha. Medium transportability and shelf life.

In our country, there are more than 20 varieties of watermelon, only 12 varieties of watermelon are regionalized. The length of the petals of watermelon varieties and the structure of the leaves, the size and smallness of the fruit, the shape, surface, color and color of the pattern, the color, the thickness of the skin, the color of the flesh, the softness and firmness, the juiciness, the size and smallness of the seeds, they differ from each other in terms of color, surface structure and patterns.

Dilnoz. Fruits are spherical, smooth, weight 3.5-5 kg. The color is dark green, painted almost black, with a pattern of dark, medium-thick bark with small stripes. The flesh is bright red, soft, juicy, sweet. The taster rating is 4.8 points. Soluble solids content 7.8%, sugar 6.7%.

This article provides brief information about the most suitable varieties, variety characteristics, planting schemes, agrotechnical measures, disease and pest control measures for the cultivation of melon varieties grown in the conditions of Uzbekistan. Today, melons that are mostly grown in our country for export are Kichkintoy Early-medium-ripe. Torpeda, Koktinni-1087, Aq urug-1137, Shakarpalak-2580, Suyunchi-2, Zar rose, Assate-3806 varieties. We can mention the Kuzibay 30, Guliston and Dilnoz varieties of watermelon, which are the most cultivated late-ripening ones.

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