CULTIVATION OF GRAPE PRODUCTS AND MEASURES OF FIGHT AGAINST VINE DISEASES

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that 35% of the world's crops are lost every year, 14% of them due to pests and diseases, and 20% due to transportation and storage. In particular, apple codling beetle, spider mite, grape mite, aphid, diseases are caused by powdery mildew, rust and other diseases. In this article, we studied the control measures for grape diseases.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Подсчитано, что 35 % мирового урожая ежегодно теряется, 14 % из них — из-за вредителей и болезней, а 20 % — из-за транспортировки и хранения. В частности, яблоневый плодожор, паутинный клещ, виноградный клещ, тля, болезни вызываются мучнистой росой, ржавчиной и другими болезнями. В этой статье мы изучили меры борьбы с болезнями винограда.

Keywords: Fruit, vegetable, fungus, un-dew, bud, tebuconazole, propiconazole, leaf, vine branches.

Ключевые слова: фрукты, овощи, грибы, нероса, бутон, тебуконазол, пропиконазол, лист, виноградные ветки.

About 300 million tons of fruits and vegetables are grown in Central Asia every year. About 300 kg of vegetables, 75 kg of potatoes and 44 kg of grapes are available per capita. This is three times more than the optimal consumption norm, which is considered acceptable.

The methods and conditions of fruit harvesting, its storage and transportation have a significant impact on the quality of it and the products produced from it. Failure to meet the necessary requirements not only causes the fruit to spoil quickly, but also limits the possibilities of producing fruit products from it, and even causes the fruit to be damaged by pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases in the human body [2].

Today, there is a question of accelerating the implementation of network modernization plans, restructuring production from a technical and technological point of view, and transitioning to international quality standards in the domestic and foreign markets [1].

We conducted our research in a number of farms where grape products are grown. Observations showed that oidium, anthracnose, mildew-false powdery mildew disease were widespread in the vineyards. Oidium, which is considered one of the main diseases, has been shown to have the following bioecological characteristics, and its brief definition is as follows [3].

The first symptoms of the disease appear in spring (May), when the air temperature is 20-25 ᵒC, humidity is 60-80%. In summer, the disease can develop if the humidity is higher than 25% for the development of the fungus. Leaves, young branches and fruits of the vine are infected with powdery mildew. Severely affected leaves become stunted and dry. It looks like ash is sprinkled on the surface of a leaf. You can't feel the powder on the fruits, but the second symptom of the disease is cracking and the fruits begin to rot. The fungus overwinters in buds and plant debris. In some years, it damages the yield of grapes by 60-70%.

The following measures are taken to combat this disease

High-quality tillage of the soil, moderate irrigation, watering; fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. 

When the chemical method was used, the following chemicals were used according to the permit of the State Chemical Commission:

Difenoconazole-based (25% em.c. - per 0.2 liters);

Kresoxim-methyl base (50% s.d.g. - per 0.2 liter);

Penconazole-based (10% e.v. - per 0.3 liters);

Based on Tebuconazole+ Triadimefon (22.5% em.c. - per 0.15-0.25 liters); Propiconazole + Tebuconazole (40% of the total body weight - per 0.3 liters)

When studying the biological and economic effectiveness of these drugs, it was found that the results gave positive indicators. Such control measures were carried out in full compliance with environmental protection and food safety requirements.

The results of experiments in protecting vine plants from diseases and pests

The results of the experiment showed that when ampakt 250 K/e was used against powdery mildew in the amount of 0.1 l, the following results were obtained:

Biological efficiency in leaves was 88.2%, in branches 89%, in fruits 86.9%. The biological efficiency of Impakt 25% k/s 0.1 l ha, which was taken as an etolon of these norms, turned out to be the same.

The obtained results showed that the modern drug Ampakt had the same results as the currently used drugs.

Ampakt 250 k/e 0.1 l/ha showed 90% effectiveness against oidium disease in 90% branches and 85% fruits.

Ampakt drug is allowed to be used in winter farming in horticulture.

When Ampact 250 k/e drug was used in the amount of 0.15 l/ha, it was 92.7% in grape leaves, 91.6% in fruits, and 90% in branches. In Etolon, the same indicators were observed when the drug Impakt was used.

The obtained results showed that Ampact 0.1-0.15 l/ha showed high efficiency against oidium disease in grapes before flowering and after flowering.

Figure 1. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine leaves

A method of accounting for powdery mildew and anthracnose disease

Observations for vine diseases were made during this underdeveloped period, approximately one month after flowering. For this, 10 trees of each variety are observed in a garden of up to 50 hectares. If the number of trees belonging to one variety is less than 50, all available trees are inspected. If the area of the garden is more than 50 ha, two trees are added to the area of more than 10 ha.

A total of 100 leaf samples are taken from 25 unselected trees from four sides and from the same height. The level of the disease and its development are determined using the above methods.

Figure 2. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides in the use of powdery mildew on vine branches

Figure 3. Biological effectiveness of Ampakt and Impakt fungicides against powdery mildew on vine fruits

According to the research results, it is recommended to include ampakt and impact drugs in the "List" of the State Chemical Commission. We also studied the effect of chemical drugs on grape fruit, focusing mainly on its organoleptic indicators, i.e. taste, aroma, taste, from the point of view of food safety. Also, the state standards of the fruit for export were obtained. According to the received data, the above-mentioned preparations showed positive and high efficiency in the set norms and did not have a negative effect on the quality of grapes.

References:

1. Кабиашвили М. (1967). В Корневая гнил виноградной лозы в Грузии. «Материалы сессии Закавказского совета по координации научно исследовательских работ по защите растений». Ереван: С. 379-382.
2. Mo‘minov Mo‘sinjon Anvarjonovich, & Zufarzhon Zafarovich Kodirov. (2021). Common oidium or un-dew disease in vineyards and measures to combat it. Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal, 2(12), 111–120.
3. Zufarzhon Zafarovich Kodirov, & Aliyeva Farizaxon Abdulaziz qizi. (2022). To determine the quality indicators of fruits grown in vineyards. development of preventive measures against diseases of the vine and their. Innovative Technologica: Methodical Research Journal, 3(01), 62–75.