DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN CRITERIA WHEN SELECTING CARGO TRANSPORTATION

ABSTRACT

As one of the ways to effectively organize the transport process, measures for choosing the type, mode of transport and transportation are always relevant. Because the costs of the transportation process directly depend on the correct choice of these measures. The total shipping cost consists of several elements. It is desirable that all elements are analyzed separately and optimized, and the time spent on this is also taken into account.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Как один из способов эффективной организации транспортного процесса, меры по выбору типа, вида транспорта и перевозки всегда имеет актуальное значение. Потому что затраты на процесс транспортировки напрямую зависят от правильного выбора этих мер. Общая стоимость доставки состоит из нескольких элементов. Желательно, чтобы все элементы анализировались отдельно и оптимизировались, а также учитывалось затраченное на это время.

Keywords: Cargo, transportation, criteria, goods, costs, time, traffic.

Ключевые слова: Груз, перевозка, критерии, товар, стоимость, время, трафик

The choice of the method of cargo transportation is one of the important tasks solved by cargo owners. At the same time, alternative options for the method of transportation have three independent, but interrelated directions - the choice of the mode or modes of transport, the choice of certain vehicles of a particular mode (modes) of transport, the choice of the carrier delivering the goods. In general, a number of objective and subjective conditions influence the choice of the method of cargo transportation [1].

The general algorithm for organizing transportation is presented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1). All of these procedures are performed on the basis of one or a system of criteria, subject to the restrictions specified by the LS. These restrictions are due either to the target functions of the company's logistics strategy, or to factors of the surrounding macro- and microeconomic environment [3]. For example, in a distribution system, restrictions may be imposed on the delivery time of finished products, transportation costs, cargo safety, location of the link in the logistics system in which cargo is stored or transshipped to another mode of transport, etc.

As shown in the diagram (Fig. 1), the mode of transportation, mode of transport and logistics intermediaries are selected based on a system of criteria. The main criteria for choosing a method of transportation and mode of transport include:

• minimum transportation costs;
• specified time of transit (cargo delivery);
• maximum reliability and safety;
• minimal costs (damage) associated with goods in transit;
• capacity and availability of the mode of transport;
• product differentiation.

The principles of choosing a mode of transportation include, first of all, the comparability of transportation costs for various modes of transport, which are reimbursed by the consumer of transport services [4]. At the same time, the main elements of transport costs are divided into three groups: the costs associated with the actual movement of goods, including the costs of performing initial-final and movement operations (T_a.g.); expenses necessary for the implementation of loading and unloading or reloading (transshipment) operations (T_r.o.); additional costs associated with the loss of cargo, environmental materials, service (T_a). The total shipping costs (T_t) are as follows:

Т_t = Т_a.g.+Т_r.o.+Т_a

Figure 1. Logistic selection procedures for organizing transportation

The above total costs are determined by specific uniform distances established for all modes of transport. At the same time, of course, the total costs are minimized, if possible, by modes of transport, considered as alternative when choosing a mode of transportation [5].

The choice of modes of transport is carried out according to the following criteria: cost-effectiveness of cargo transportation; the ability to deliver goods to any point of the territorial formation; placement of a network of communication routes; seasonality and rhythm of transport operation in various meteorological conditions; carrying capacity of transport; transportation distance; risks arising from the transportation of goods. The choice of the mode of transport, vehicles, carrier is carried out in two main directions - the cost of transporting goods and the time of their delivery to the consumer, which must, if possible, be minimized, therefore, two corresponding tasks must be solved. The first task is to minimize transportation costs, which is generally formulated as follows. A homogeneous product, located at m points of production (storage) in the amount of P₁, P_i,…,P_m, is required to be delivered to n points of consumption, where the need for this product is S₁,…, S_j,…S_n. Initially, a balance of the supplied product and the need for it is assumed, namely:

It is required to determine the volume of transportation of goods and the routes of movement of vehicles in such a way that the sum of all transportation costs is minimal. In this case, the objective function has the following form:

At this: С_ij– the cost of transporting a unit of product from the point of production (storage) i to the point of consumption j;

Х_ij– the amount of product coming from the point of production (storage) i to the point of consumption j.

This model includes the following restrictions.

Equality of volumes of production (storage) and the product sent to consumers at each point of production (storage):

Equality of needs and volumes of the product received at each destination:

The second task is to minimize the end time of all transportations: a task by the time criterion, which is formulated as follows. There are m product origin points with stocks P₁, …, P_i, …, P_m and n destinations with needs  

S₁, …, S_j …, S_n, traffic balance. It is required to determine the volumes of transportation X_ij in such a way that not only the balance conditions u are met, but also the time of completion of all transportations T is minimized.

To solve the problem, the designation t_ij is introduced - the time of transportation of the product from the i - the point to the  j- the point. It is assumed that tij does not depend on the transported cargo - the volume of transportation of the product X_ij from the i - the point to the j - the point and the number of vehicles is always sufficient to carry out any volume of transportation. Then the main thing in this problem is the expression of time T in terms of times tij and traffic volumes X_ij. Due to the fact that all transportations end at the moment when the longest of them ends, then the time T is the maximum of all t_ij, reflecting the duration of zero transportations, namely:

;X_ij>0

Thus, it is required to find such a transportation plan Xij for which the time T will be minimal:

;X_ij>0

The correct definition of criteria when choosing the transportation of goods leads to the optimization and efficiency of transportation.

References:

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