TO THE QUESTION OF ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study is to improve the environmental situation at industrial enterprises, the effective use of general protection against harmful substances, the establishment of their wider use, as well as finding a solution to the problem and reducing the risk of exposure to harmful substances by studying the negative impact of harmful substances emitted by industrial enterprises, developing recommendations.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Цель исследования - улучшение экологической обстановки на промышленных предприятиях, эффективное использование средств общей защиты от вредных веществ, установление их более широкого применения, а также поиск решения проблемы и снижение риска воздействия вредных веществ путем изучения отрицательное воздействие вредных веществ, выбрасываемых промышленными предприятиями, разработка рекомендаций.

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Keywords: ecology, dust, harmful substances, control systems, air purification, diseases, dust collectors.

Ключевые слова: экология, пыль, вредные вещества, системы управления, очистка воздуха, заболевания, пылеуловители.

Introduction

Uzbekistan, among many developed countries, entered the new millennium with global problems of a socio-economic, demographic and environmental nature. The intensive use of natural resources, the release into the environment of unusable products of production that are not included in the natural cycle of substances, the use of environmentally hazardous technologies, energy sources, etc., have led to an imbalance between human activity and the environment. In most cases, there is a discrepancy between the vital activity of living organisms and the possibilities of their adaptive mechanisms in a polluted environment [4, 12].

A wide range of studies has been carried out to solve theoretical and practical issues in the field of analyzing industrial and environmental safety management systems, reducing emissions of harmful substances from industrial enterprises and vehicles into the environment and the impact on living organisms in the CIS countries (Polinskaya et al. 1979, Siganek 1988, Pakalov 1994, Silveira 2005, Shilin 2011, Roshchupkin et al.). Among the scientists of our republic, N. Norboev, P. Zakirov, E. Khudaiberdiev, I. Samatov, O. Kudratov, M. Musaev and many other authors conducted research on methods of cleaning atmospheric air from pollutants and other areas. At the same time, despite many years of research experience, the interest of scientists in this topic has not lost its relevance. The study of the analysis of industrial and environmental safety management systems is of current scientific and practical importance.

According to the latest statistical analysis, 181 enterprises in the republic cause some damage to the atmosphere, and 808 thousand tons of emissions are emitted from them into the environment per year.

Decrees of the President No. PP-5024 dated April 21, 2017 “On improving the system of state administration in the field of ecology and environmental protection” and PP-2915 “On measures to ensure the activities of the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, Resolution of the Cabinet Ministerial No. 310 of May 23, 2017 “Regulations on the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection” of the Republic of Uzbekistan is of great importance in solving the above problems [1, 2, 3, 5, 6].

Formulation of the problem

Dust can affect the organs of vision, cause inflammation (conjunctivitis), occupational cataracts and have a strong sensitive effect on the mucous membrane and cornea of the eye, skin pollution, cause various types of dermatitis and eczema.

The impact of dust on the body in various forms is analyzed, their chemical composition is determined. The main effect of dust is manifested, first of all, when it is inhaled. Inhalation of dusty air can lead to the development of respiratory damage: bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, or a general lesion. Some types of dust have the ability to cause additional diseases. These include diseases of the upper respiratory tract, mucous membranes of the eyes, and skin. The ingress of dust into the lungs is the most serious problem, as it creates the conditions for the development of pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer.

Methodology for solving the problem

To solve the problem of cleaning from dust and harmful substances in industrial enterprises, the following was proposed:

• localization of air dust cleaning devices, expansion of production of these devices on the territory of Uzbekistan;
• strengthen environmental control at enterprises producing building materials, develop theoretical and practical recommendations based on the study of environmental degradation at enterprises and the level of compliance with environmental requirements.

Analysis of the obtained results

It is known that scientific and technological achievements are of leading importance in the development of a society of productive forces, facilitate the use of natural resources by man, accelerate the circulation of substances, and make it possible to increase the role of the social factor higher than natural factors in the development of society. As a result, thanks to labor, man is increasingly freed from direct dependence on the natural environment, and strengthens his influence on nature. Factors such as the growth of industrial enterprises, the chemicalization of agriculture, an increase in the population and road transport, lead to the release of various dust and gas emissions, the amount and type of wastewater, and municipal solid waste into the environment. The interaction of nature and society is of particular importance in the scientific solution of problems arising in the process of nature conservation.

The scheme of the relationship between human production activities and the environment was discussed below, fig. 1.

Figure 1. The dependence of the productive activity of people on the environment

In places of strong human impact on nature, environmental stresses and sometimes catastrophes occur, that is, the reverse influence of nature on human impact is clearly felt. Every year, various enterprises emit 2.5 billion tons of gas waste containing sulfur oxide IV, carbon oxides II, IV. For example, up to 150 million tons of CO2, 70 million tons of dust per year are emitted by construction, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and other enterprises. Gases emitted by vehicles are the main cause of air pollution. The gas produced during incomplete combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines consists of a mixture of 200 different highly toxic gases, including CO, CO2, paraffinic and oleic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, tin compounds. Among these gases, 30 percent is 3,4-benzopyrene, a poisonous substance with carcinogenic properties. These gases cause the formation of smog, a phenomenon that in many cases is harmful to living organisms.

A large amount of dust emissions into the atmospheric air leads to a change in the speed and spectrum of solar radiation, as well as to a deterioration in the transparency of the air.

For example, this table 1 shows the dynamics of air pollution in the city of Tashkent.

Table 1.

Shows the dynamics of air pollution in the city of Tashkent

In terms of air pollution, Uzbekistan ranks 18th among 106 countries. According to the analysis of the IQAir organization for 2020, the level of air pollution in the city of Tashkent with fine particles is 29.9 μg. The norm of air pollution in cities according to the World Health Organization is 10 μg [5, 7, 8]. The results of this analysis in our country are much higher than in industrialized countries. Air pollutant emission factors have the following formula.

Here: E - emission, lb/hour; Rx - product volume, t/h; Fx is the emission factor, pounds/ton; ER is the overall emission factor from air pollution control.

Dust enters the atmosphere mainly in two ways - as a result of natural processes and as a result of human production activities. Natural processes include volcanic eruptions, forest fires, space dust, etc. Industrial enterprises also play a large role in the spread of dust in the air. The main ones include: enterprises for the production of building materials - 34.7%, thermal power plants - 29.5%, road transport - 15.8%, ferrous metallurgy - 12.4%, chemical industry - 4.6%, non-ferrous metallurgy - 2.2% oil refineries - 0.5%.

Since the dust emitted by industrial enterprises has a different shape, size and density, it is cleaned in different ways. There are the following methods of air purification from dust: 1) gravity method, 2) cleaning method based on dry inertia and centrifugal force, 3) wetting method, 4) filtration method, 5) electrostatic method, 6) coagulation method using sound and ultrasound .

Sedimentation tanks (gravitational) are designed for cleaning from dust by the gravitational method. These devices clean dust particles, the size of which is from 50 to 500 microns. The device is simple, but it cannot remove fine dust particles [9].

The operation of inertial dust collectors is based on the fact that air with fine dust particles is cleaned due to impact on obstacles or sudden changes in direction. The efficiency of this device is up to 65-80%, and it is designed to clean dust particles with a size of 45 microns. Centrifugal dust removal is carried out in cyclones. With the help of cyclones dust is cleaned, the size of which is 4-5 microns, the efficiency of the device is up to 98%.

Wetting dust cleaning devices allow you to simultaneously clean the air from dust and toxic gases. These devices operate on the basis of the absorption of gas and dust by liquid droplets or a film of liquid. To increase the contact surface, liquid and gas move in opposite directions, and the liquid is sprayed from above. The cleaning efficiency of the flat nozzle washing tower is 75-85%. Wet vacuum cleaners have the following disadvantages. It is difficult to separate the washed dust from the water, as a result of gas absorption, acid or alkali is formed together with the dust, which leads to corrosion of the walls of the equipment.

The filtration method is based on the capture of dust by passing dusty air through porous barriers. Filtering barriers are divided into 2 types: 1) granular-layer filters (coke, sand, gravel, sawdust, etc.) trap large particles. 2) fabric filters (paper, felt, fiberglass, thread and fabrics made of synthetic fibers, etc.) trap fine dust particles. The filtering equipment has a very easy clogging. But it is necessary to clean the filter cloth by shaking it from time to time. Therefore, they quickly fail.

Air purification from dust in electrostatic precipitators, dust particles are cleaned in devices under the action of electricity and have the following structure: 1. Arc electrode. 2 Drowning electrode. When an electric current is applied to the electrodes, the gas molecules are ionized. Ions, in turn, are adsorbed on the surface of a dust particle and, under the action of an electric field, are directed to the depositing electrode and deposited on the electrode. From time to time the surface of the electrode should be cleaned of dust. By design, electrostatic precipitators have a lamellar and tubular shape.

Removal of dust by sound and ultrasound. These devices are used to improve the efficiency of cyclones and filters and have the following salinity. With the help of a siren, sound or ultrasound is supplied to the device. As a result, dust particles begin to move. Due to the formation of a certain humidity with the help of water, wet dust particles coarsen, coagulate and begin to sink. These devices mainly capture smoke, fog, etc. [10, 11].

Experiments and observations show that the most effective means of improving the environmental situation at industrial enterprises, removing harmful dust are cyclone filters. Cyclone (in engineering) - a device designed to purify air (gas) from suspended solid particles (gas, water droplets or dust) under the action of centrifugal force. The design consists of a cylindrical body, tapering downwards, a pusher and an outlet pipe, which are installed in the body in a tension or spiral manner. Dirty air (gas) is sent to the top of the cyclone through a nozzle at a certain speed. Air (gas) circulates and falls from top to bottom, forming a spiral pile. Then, under the action of centrifugal inertial force, suspended solid particles (gas, dust particles) are thrown against the wall of the cyclone, together with air (gas) fall to the bottom of the housing and exit through the outlet. Purified air (gas) moves up the pipe, forms a vortex flow and goes outside. The cyclone is mainly used in industrial plants. But in many factories, dust filters are broken or missing altogether. This, in turn, has a serious impact on the health of employees.

Experimental studies were carried out at a cotton gin. In experiments carried out on the basis of a matrix of a full factorial experiment, the efficiency of air purification by a cyclone was taken as the output parameter. Statistical analysis of the experiments performed showed that the efficiency of cyclone air cleaning depends primarily on the rate of polluted air entering the cyclone from cotton cleaning devices through a pneumatic transport pipe: at a speed of 10-15 m/s, the cleaning efficiency reaches high values and amounts to 90-97%, at speed of 15-25 m / s - 70-80%, with an increase in air speed, the efficiency decreased, this is due to the fact that, due to the high speed, dust particles do not have time to fall down, are carried away and discharged into the external environment. We also observed that the degree of air (gas) purification depends on the geometric dimensions and shape of the cyclone, the properties of the dust, and other factors.

Conclusions

In places of strong human impact on nature, environmental stresses and sometimes catastrophes occur, that is, the reverse influence of nature on human impact is clearly felt. Since the dust emitted into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises has different shapes, sizes and densities, it is recommended to clean them in different ways depending on their suitability, and this should be strictly controlled.

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