SOME QUALITY INDICATORS OF SOFT WHEAT VARIETIES

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of the analysis of the yield, 1000-grain weight, grain type and protein content of soft wheat samples grown in the climatic conditions of the Kashkadarya region. During the selection work on productivity, samples were selected from varieties with long ears, full large grain and a number of spikelets of more than 40-45, which became the basis for the creation of intensive winter varieties. These wheat varieties are studied for use as a resource in selection work.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье представлены результаты анализа урожайности, массы 1000 зерен и содержания белка образцов мягкой пшеницы, выращенной в климатических условиях Кашкадарьинской области. В процессе селекции по продуктивности были отобраны образцы сортов с длинными колосом, полным крупным зерном, числом зерен в колосе более 40-45, что является основой для создания интенсивных озимых сортов. Эти сорта пшеницы изучаются для использования в качестве ресурса в селекционной работе.

Keywords: soft wheat, drought, heat, microbes, various diseases, weight of 1000 grains, grain transparency, grain character.

Ключевые слова: мягкая пшеница, засуха, жара, микробы, различные болезни, масса 1000 зерен, прозрачность зерна, характер зерна.

Introduction

As the world's population continues to grow, so does the demand for wheat products. Demand for grain crops is increasing due to significant crop losses due to water scarcity, soil salinity, and insects and various microorganisms. Meeting this demand is considered effective without developing new land, using fertilizer, water, and labor efficiently, and by creating new generations of wheat varieties that are resistant to pests, insects, and diseases. The selection of samples is important when creating starting materials for new varieties of cereal crops. Because varieties of different genotypes have natural resistance to negative factors, diseases and pests[4].

One of the conditions inherent in the geographical location of our region is drought. This situation is one of the main factors causing difficulties in crop production in arid regions of the world, and this tension is especially felt in grain production. Water shortage, i.e. drought, primarily negatively affects the water exchange processes of plants and is also reflected in other physiological processes of the plant (photosynthesis, respiration, absorption of mineral elements by roots, etc.). As a result, plant growth and development slows down or stops. The main branch of agriculture in our republic is based solely on artificial irrigation. In recent years, climate change has led to a shortage of water needed to irrigate agricultural crops. This, in turn, negatively affects the yield and quality of crops. Buning oldini olish uchun suvni tejaydigan yangi texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqish va joriy etish zarur. One such technology in agriculture is the creation of drought-tolerant crop varieties [2]. The main difficulties in creating drought-resistant varieties that provide high and stable yields are that, for example, research aimed at increasing a plant's physiological resistance to drought leads to a slowdown in the plant's growth process and overall metabolism. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to look for physiological and morphological traits that are associated with stable yield traits. In irrigated lands, the majority of the water supplied for crop irrigation, that is, 65-70 percent, is absorbed by plants, while the remaining 30-35 percent is physically evaporated and absorbed into the deep layers of the soil [2].

The soil and climatic conditions of different regions of our republic are different. One of the main tasks facing our scientists is to create early-maturing, high-yielding varieties of winter wheat that are suitable for the geographical location of the Kashkadarya region, resistant to heat, cold, and various diseases. [1].

Drought, salinity, and climate change cause significant changes in many physiological and biochemical processes in plant organisms. The process of photosynthesis, which is important and complex for all plants, is seriously damaged by stress factors, resulting in changes in the ultrastructure of organelles involved in this process and the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, and enzymes. Stress can negatively affect crop yields, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and lead to both social and economic decline [2]. One of the main methods for increasing the yield of soft wheat is to selectively plant intensive soft wheat varieties with high yield potential, resistance to various adverse environmental factors, high grain quality indicators, and adaptation to soil and climatic conditions. Each variety may exhibit certain characteristics of productivity and resistance to various environmental factors in a given region, while in another region the opposite may be the case, or these characteristics may not be fully manifested. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the yield potential of different soft wheat varieties in relation to the external environment [5,6,7].

Materials and methods.  

Samples of 9 soft wheat varieties adapted to local conditions were taken and grown in the grain fields of the Kashkadarya region. In the experiment, the cultivated area of ​​the variety samples was 10 m², and they were planted 3 times in replicates. Phenological observations, calculations, and analyses were conducted during the experiment.

Based on the results of our experiment, we will focus on the indicators of some varieties that have higher yields than these varieties.

Results. To obtain high-quality yields from grain crops, it is important to determine the impact of external environmental factors on plant growth and development. Plant ontogenesis includes the period from seed germination in annual plants to the end of the plant's life. During this period, the plant's resistance to various environmental factors becomes evident. At the same time, the productivity of plants is obvious.

In the ontogenesis of plants, certain periods are distinguished, each of which is characterized by the most important physiological and morphological changes. Specific organs are formed in each developmental phase of cereal crops. Not all soil types that make up the Kashkadarya oasis have the same fertility potential. Therefore, the germination phase of wheat is crucial for obtaining a good harvest.

The results of the research samples are presented in terms of yield, 1000-grain weight, transparency, and protein content (Table 1).

Table 1

Quality indicators of soft wheat varieties, 2021-2023 yy

Discussion. Weight of 1000 grains. According to the results of the study, the varieties with the highest weight of 1000 seeds were “Kizil bugdoy” (46 grams) and “Ok bugdoy” (44 grams). The lowest indicator in terms of 1000-grain weight was 38 grams for the Gozgan (medium-ripening) variety. It is known that in soft wheat varieties, the size of the grain and the size of the spike depend on the ripening period. A 1000-grain weight of more than 40 grams is one of the indicators of its drought resistance. In the irrigated lands of our republic, the weight of 1000 grains of winter wheat varieties is 39-44 grams.

Grain transparency. The highest transparency index was 98% for the Sanzar-4 variety, 96.5% for the Sanzar-8 variety, and 96% for the Kizil Sharq (mid-ripening) and Grom varieties. The lowest figure was 74% for the Krasnodar-99 variety.

The nature of grain. The highest grain quality index was 811 for the Sanzar-8 variety and 808 gr/l for the Sanzar-4 variety. The lowest indicator by grain type was 740 gr/l for the “Ok bugdoy” variety.

Among winter cereal crops, soft winter wheat is distinguished by its highest yield and high value. Soft winter wheat grain contains up to 16 percent protein and 80 percent carbohydrates. It is widely used, along with spring wheat, in the preparation of bread, pasta, and confectionery products, and grain waste is widely used as mixed feed for livestock. Winter wheat grain contains 11-20 percent protein, 64-74 percent starch, 2 percent fat, 2 percent fiber, and the same amount of ash. It also contains vitamins B₁, B₂, PP, as well as calcium, phosphorus, and iron compounds, which are necessary for human daily life. To make the best quality bread, the grain should contain 17-18 percent protein.

There are soft winter wheat varieties that yield strong, valuable grain. According to the strength of flour, soft wheat varieties are divided into three classes: strong, medium, and weak. Wheat varieties with average grain yields are called "Precious". The division into such classes depends on the amount of protein and gluten in the grain, as well as the quality of the gluten. Strong wheat grain nature 755 g/l. Transparency should be 60%, protein content 14% and gluten content should not be less than 28%. When strong rye flour is mixed with regular rye flour by 20-50 percent, the bread volume increases and the quality improves. For this reason, strong wheat is also called an improver. High-quality wheat grain should have a protein content of no less than 11-12 percent, and gluten content of no less than 25-27 percent. Bugungi kunda respublikamiz g‘alla maydonlarida yetishtirilayotgan bug‘doy navlarining asosiy qismini qimmatli bug‘doy navlari tashkil etadi. The protein content of weak wheat grains is 11% and gluten is 25%.

Conclusion. In conclusion, it should be noted that the results of a study comparing the indicators of yield elements of varieties and samples showed that high yields depend on the number and weight of grains per head, as well as the weight of 1000 grains. In studying yield, it was proposed to select varieties with long, dense spikes, large, full spikes, and spikes with more than 40-45 grains, and use them as a starting source in breeding work to obtain intensive winter wheat varieties.

References:

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