ACCURACY OF BASIC GEODETIC NETWORK AND SELECTION OF ITS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

ABSTRACT

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the planning and design considerations for geodetic networks in linear construction projects. The article discusses the classification of geodetic networks based on their functions and importance, including state, densification, and camera networks. It examines the process of establishing base and survey geodetic networks, considering factors such as network density, route length, survey scale, and terrain elevation. Furthermore, it explores the accuracy assessment of geodetic bases and the establishment of height reference geodetic networks. The findings aim to offer valuable insights for engineers and surveyors involved in optimizing geodetic networks for efficient and accurate linear construction projects.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В этом исследовании представлен углубленный анализ вопросов планирования и проектирования геодезических сетей в проектах линейного строительства. В статье рассматривается классификация геодезических сетей по их функциям и значению, включающая сети состояния, сгущения и сети камер. В нем рассматривается процесс создания базовых и обзорных геодезических сетей с учетом таких факторов, как плотность сети, длина маршрута, масштаб съемки и высота местности. Кроме того, в нем исследуется оценка точности геодезических баз и создание опорных геодезических сетей по высоте. Полученные результаты призваны предоставить ценную информацию инженерам и геодезистам, занимающимся оптимизацией геодезических сетей для эффективных и точных проектов линейного строительства.

Keywords: state geodetic networks, tacheometric surveying, leveling, tracing, topographic surveying, GPS system.

Ключевые слова: государственные геодезические сети, тахеометрическая съемка, нивелирование, трассировка, топографическая съемка, система GPS.

Introduction. It is known that geodetic networks are divided into the following depending on their function and importance:

- state geodetic networks;

- densification geodetic networks;

- camera networks.

Engineering carried out in the design and construction of linear structures - in the construction of the densification base geodetic network and the survey geodetic network connected to the state geodetic networks for geodetic research and geodetic works.

When surveying small areas, the base network is built in the form of 1st or 2nd grade polygonometry, as well as III-IV class leveling polygons, and the basis of the survey is established by the transfer of main theodolite and leveling roads [3].

Literature analysis and methodology. The density of geodetic networks is determined by the length of the linear construction route, the scale of the survey, and the height of the relief section.

The density of geodetic bases is carried out from the general to the private, as well as from the upper class (discharge) to the lower class. With the use of modern dalnomers and angle measuring geodetic instruments, it became possible to reduce multi-stage geodetic work and develop networks of one class.

The desired density of networks belonging to one class (in single-discharge networks) is achieved by reducing the side lengths.

The average density of state-planned geodetic and level grid points should be as follows to create a topographic-geodetic survey basis [3]:

• 1:5000 scale survey areas should have one point of triangulation or polygonometry on an area of 20-30 km² and one leveling rapper on an area of 10-15 km²;

• Survey areas with scales of 1:2000 and larger should have one point of triangulation or polygonometry on an area of 5-15 km² and one leveling rapier on an area of 5-7 km².

Discussion. It is planned to create geodetic plan and height reference geodetic networks and survey geodetic networks in the research facility.

Accuracy of the planned geodetic base. Geodetic base calculations for topographic surveys and planning work are limited not only by the relative error of measurements, but also by the scale of surveys and accuracy of planning work.

Therefore, short-sided triangles in triangulation networks have to design polygonometric and level paths with limited lengths.

To calculate the accuracy of the geodetic base, we assume that its development is 2-step:

1. Basic geodetic network - I and II discharge polygonometry;

2. Survey networks - theodolite and level roads;

As an example, we take the 1st grade compression polygonometry method. Using the following formulas, we find the transverse, longitudinal and total displacement of the last point:

 =n+ ∙ ∙  ,                                          (1.1)

  ,                                           (1.2)

                                                 (1.3)

– expected root mean square error when determining the planned location of the end point of the polygonometry path;

– lateral displacement of the end point of the polygonometry path;

– longitudinal displacement of the end point of the polygonometry path;

n – the number of sides in the polygonal path;

m_S – root mean square error of distance measurement;

m – root mean square error of horizontal angle measurement;

– Polygonometric path perimeter (finite length).

– the distance between the start and end points of the polygonal path.

Conclusion. The height geodetic networks of class III - IV serve as the base height [3]. The choice of base height base class is selected taking into account the category, length and topography of the road. If a leveling network of III class is built on highway, I and II category roads, IV class leveling is performed on III, IV and V category roads. If the length of the track is up to 5 km, technical leveling works will be performed. The leveling path is carried out according to the polygonometric path. Leveling is done by means of geometric leveling from the middle. The graded road is reinforced with grunt rappers every 3-5 km.

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