TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EDIBLE GRAPES ON TRANSPORTABILITY AND DURABILITY

ABSTRACT

In this article, technological characteristics of edible grapes on transportability and durability are mentioned. Along with the soil, climate and weather conditions, the quality of its storage and transportability, as well as the agrotechnology of cultivation, are of great importance in the formation of the grape harvest.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье приведены технологические характеристики съедобного винограда по транспортности и долговечности. Наряду с почвой, климатические и погодные условия, большое значение в формировании урожая винограда имеют качество ее хранения и транспортабельность, а также агротехника возделывания.

Keywords: Grapes, storage, heat, weather, variety, yield, agrotechnology, storage.

Ключевые слова: Виноград, хранение, тепло, погода, сорт, урожайность, агротехника, хранение.

 Grapes are a valuable food product. It is one of the most common fruits in the world in the form of freshly picked, wine, grape juice, raisins and processed products.

Vitis vinifera is the main grape variety cultivated. About 90% of the grapes grown in the world belong to the Vitis vinifera grape family, which has about 600 species. Most species of this family are not used by people for practical purposes. Several species are eaten fresh or processed, depending on whether they are found in cultivation or in the wild. Species of the Vitis vinifera family of grapes grow mainly in forests, mountain slopes and valleys with high humidity.

Some scientists believe that the most important conditions that determine the possibility of growing grapes for long-term storage in a certain area are the amount of heat and precipitation in a certain zone, the continentality of the climate, the growth of grapes and the storage of grapes. is the soil condition. He proposed a complex indicator called effective heat supply, taking the Shabash variety as an example, to characterize the zone and weather conditions of individual years of the growing season for the suitability of grapes grown here for long-term storage.

It was found that between the shelf life of grapes and the effective heat supply of the zone, the correlation ratio is close for the Shebash variety in Crimea - 0.84 +/- 0.09 and for the black varieties Agaday and Shaani in the Absheron zone of Azerbaijan -0.79 +/- 0.81) there is a linear relationship. The areas where grapes are grown have a significant impact on its transportation. For example, depending on the farms of the supplier, the yield of standard grapes after processing was found to be 95-97% to 76-86% for Sabash varieties, 95-98% to 77-86% for Chaush. Similar data were obtained for Tashli and Tavriz varieties.

Along with the soil, climate and weather conditions, the quality of its storage and transportability, as well as the agrotechnology of cultivation, are of great importance in the formation of the grape crop. Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers delays growth processes, increases plant mass and yield, reduces sugar content, storage quality, vine ripening; potassium and phosphorus fertilizers increase the sugar content of grapes during storage and transportation and increase their shelf life.

According to M.I.Odinaev, the average weight of the grape heads is a characteristic of the variety, and in all studied varieties, large grape heads characteristic of large-crown varieties are formed. The size of the grape cluster is an important technological indicator. The mass of 100 pieces varies between varieties, depending on the characteristics of the variety, that is, the size of the single cluster.

According to G.L. Naumova, the smallest losses of grapes of Nimrang and Taifi Rozovy varieties were a variant of increased potassium and nitrogen content from rotting and reddening (3%) during storage and transportation. An increase in potassium nitrogen, as well as moderate doses of phosphorus, significantly reduces the resistance of grapes to microbiological and physiological diseases.

Long-term studies have shown that calcium plays a very important physiological role in maintaining the natural resistance of grapes to fungal rot and physiological diseases, and increasing their calcium content increases their resistance to all diseases. Irrigation has a strong influence on the quality of grapes during storage and transportation.

In Nimrang, Taifi Rozovy, Terbash varieties, grapes have a higher indicator when watering is stopped 30 days earlier. The tension of the grapes is greatly reduced if the watering is stopped before or after this period. It was found that the grapes of Asma and Shabash varieties, grown without irrigation in conditions protected from moisture on the southern coast of Crimea, are distinguished by high quality of detergent.

According to V. A. Boyko, stopping irrigation 10 days before harvesting grapes, stopping irrigation 30 days before harvesting increased the yield of the Nimrang variety, the average weight of berries, and reduced the storage quality. During the months of storage, the loss from rotting increased by 10.82% and from blackening by 34.0%.

According to the research of V.D. Volosovtsev, studying the effect of irrigation method on productivity in the Hisar Valley of Tajikistan, studying the quality of Rozovy grape variety "Taifi", compared to drip irrigation, it was found that irrigation with furrows and without plow is the most effective. According to M.S. Dudarev, N.A. Basiy, V.I. Martovshuk, in-soil irrigation with ceramic humidifiers for Karaburnu vineyards helps to increase the yield, quality and preservation of grapes during storage. According to the authors, this progressive method of irrigating vineyards should become more widespread.

They found that one additional punching during the ripening stage of Nimrang grapes reduced the losses due to rotting during one month of storage. by 1.82, and by 58.0% from blackening compared to the control. It is explained that the yield, quality, and preservation of grapes during storage and transportation largely depend on the formation of the bush.

In recent years, it has been found that favorable conditions have been created for the realization of the growth potential not only in plantations formed in a special fence where rare bushes are planted, but also during compact planting, in the formation of stem plantations in the form of small cup-shaped bushes.

As one of the promising directions in the intensification of the network, the wide-row high-standard system of growing vineyards is becoming widespread. It has been determined that a wide range of high-standard technology for growing vineyards is fully compatible with the biology of the grape plant, allowing for a sharp increase in labor. productivity due to more complete mechanization of labor-intensive operations.

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