IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CREAM-SOAP

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье представлены результаты исследования, основанного на выборе оптимальных параметров технологии получения крем-мыла путём омыления масляных композиций, полученных из нетрадиционного масличного сырья. В результате проведённых экспериментов масляные композиции были подвергнуты омылению в щёлочных растворах различной концентрации (20 %, 40 %, 60 %), и было установлено, что оптимальной концентрацией щёлочи является 40%. Также проведено сравнение качественных показателей полученных образцов крем-мыла с физико-химическими характеристиками промышленного крем-мыла марки «Умка». Дополнительно проанализированы изменения основных физико-химических показателей полученных образцов в течение шестимесячного хранения.

ABSTRACT

This article presents the results of a study based on the selection of optimal parameters of the technology for obtaining cream-perfume soaps by saponification of oil compositions obtained from unconventional oily raw materials. As a result of the research, oil compositions were saponified in alkaline solutions of various concentrations (20%; 40%; 60%), and 40% solution was selected as the optimal alkaline concentration. Also, the quality indicators of the cream-perfume soap samples obtained by us were compared with the physicochemical indicators of the currently available “Умка” cream-perfume soap. Also, the changes in the main physicochemical indicators of the obtained samples during 6 months of storage were analyzed.

Ключевые слова: крем-мыло, органолептические показатели, физико-химические свойства, ГОСТ, запах, цвет, форма, технология, «Умка», пенообразование, образец.

Keywords: cream-perfumed soap, organoleptic, physico-chemical, GOST, smell, color, shape, technology, "Умка", foaming, sample,

1. Introduction

One of the leading sectors of the food industry is oil refining; today, there are more than 30 large enterprises operating in our republic [1, p. 1-2]. Of course, it is difficult to imagine our everyday life without the products of the oil industry. Such products include various vegetable oils, including: sunflower, mahogany, palm, cottonseed, soybean, olive, as well as non-traditional oils obtained from grape seeds, pomegranate seeds, various vegetables and legumes, which are secondary products of other sectors of the food industry, in particular, enterprises processing grapes, fruits and vegetables [2, p. 57].

These products are widely used in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other food industries [3]. Alternative oils are used in folk medicine for the treatment and prevention of various diseases, for example, grape, pomegranate, cedar oils are used to support the immune system, have an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory effect, stimulate blood circulation and metabolism in skin tissues, moisturize, nourish, increase elasticity, activate skin regeneration, and are also used for their intended purpose [4, p. 75].

In the production of such products, it is important to use not one type of vegetable oil, but oil compositions obtained by mixing them in different proportions. In addition to studying the change in their physicochemical properties during the development of oil compositions, studies were also conducted on the effect of obtaining cream-perfumed soaps based on various oils on the change in their quality indicators [5, p. 68].

Our research also included the development of oil compositions based on grape, pomegranate and safflower oils with a predominance of palm oil, as well as the study of changes in their physicochemical parameters and the influence of various factors on these parameters, in particular temperature. Based on the research results, 3 samples of the obtained oil compositions were selected as optimal compositions for further research on physicochemical and organoleptic parameters [4, p. 72; 5, p. 66].

This paper presents the results of studies on the selection of the optimal concentration of an alkaline solution in the technology of obtaining cream-perfumed soaps based on selected oil compositions, the physicochemical indicators of cream-perfumed soaps in the form of finished products, the results of organoleptic tests, as well as the dynamics of changes in soap quality indicators during storage.

2. Materials and Methodology

2.1. Materials

Three oil compositions were used as the material for the study. These compositions were chosen as the most optimal in terms of physicochemical and organoleptic indicators based on the results of our previous studies. The oil content (%) in the composition of the selected oil compositions is presented in the table below.

Table 1.

Blending oil compositions

2.2. Methodologies

2.2.1. Determining the total alkali consumption for the saponification process. In the manufacture of cream-perfumed soap, the amount of alkali required to saponify the oil composition is determined by the saponification number of the oil. The saponification number is expressed in milligrams of alkali (KOH) consumed to saponify 1 g of oil. For an oil composition, the average saponification number (С₁) of the composition was found by multiplying the percentage of each oil in the mixture by the saponification number [8, p. 5]. The saponification number of palm oil is 0.242 mgKOH/g, grape seed oil - 0.175 mgKOH/g, pomegranate seed oil - 0.191 mgKOH/g, and sedan oil - 0.151 mgKOH/g [5, p. 65]. Alkali consumption is calculated using the following formula:

Alkali consumption=  ;    (гр)

where: С₁ = average saponification number, mgKOH/g;

m - mass of oil mixture, g;

1000 – 1 g = 1000 milligrams;

2.2.2. Determination of soap pH. The pH value of the soap was determined using the methods developed by O.F. Okemini et al. [8, p. 6]. 10 g of the soap obtained for the experiment was placed in a container and dissolved in distilled water, obtaining a 10% solution. The pH value of the soap solution was measured using a pH meter.

2.2.3. Determination of moisture and volatile matter content in soaps. Glass, pre-dried at 102–105°C for 30 minutes, was weighed on a glass scale. Then 5 g of the soap sample was measured out and placed in a glass. The glass was dried at 105°C for 30 minutes. After cooling the glass in a desiccator, it was weighed on a scale. The measurement result was recorded, and the glass with the soap sample was dried until the total weight reached a constant value. The experiment was repeated 3 times, drying was carried out for 15 minutes in each experiment [8, p. 8; 11, p. 5].

The amount of moisture and volatile matter X (in %) was determined by the following formula:

Х = (м₁ – м₂) 100/м ; (%)

where: м₁ - is the mass of the glass beaker with soap before drying, g;

м₂ - is the mass of the glass beaker after drying with soap, g;

м - is the weight of the soap sample, g.

2.2.4. Determination of the titer index. The titer of soap is an index that determines the melting temperature, and according to international standards, the titer of solid perfumed soaps is set within the range of 35–41°C. The titer indices of cream-perfumed soap samples were determined using the method described in the international standard GOST 790-89 [11, p. 4] “Methods for acceptance and determination of indices of solid household and perfumed soap”.

2.2.5. Determination of free alkali. The amount of free alkali in the sample was determined using the method of O.F. Okemini et al. [8, p. 7]. From a sample of creamy-perfumed soap taken for the experiment, 5 g was collected in a beaker and dissolved by adding 30 ml of ethanol as a solvent. Several drops of phenolphthalein and 10 ml of a 20% BaCl₂ solution were added to the solution formed during the dissolution of the soap. The mixture was titrated with 0.05 M H₂SO₄. The amount of free alkali was determined using the following formula.

NaOH =  𝑥 0,31,

where: х - is the mass fraction of fatty acid tannin in 100 g of soap, %;

м - is the actual mass of a bar of soap, g;

2.2.6. Determination of the initial foam volume. The initial foam volume, which determines the quality indicator of the three samples of cream-scented soaps taken for the study, was determined using the method given in the international standard GOST 790-89 [11, p. 5].

2.2.7. Determination of foaming ability. The method used in the studies of O.F. Okemini et al. [8, p. 6] was used to determine the foaming ability of cream-scented soap. During the experiment, 0.2 g of cream-perfumed soap was taken and placed in a 100 ml graduated cylinder, 10 ml of distilled water was added and the height of the mixture was recorded using a cylinder meter. The soap-water mixture in the cylinder was shaken for 2 minutes until soap foam was formed. After foaming, the cylinder was cooled for 10 minutes and the foam height of the cooled soap solution was recorded. The foaming ability of the cream-perfumed soap was calculated by the difference between the measured height of the solution and the foam height.

2.2.8. Determination of hand erosion. The degradation of the soap sample during hand washing was determined using the method proposed by M.E. Jinn et al. [12, p. 141]. According to him, for the experiment, 5 grams of cream-perfumed soap sample was weighed on a balance and hand washed with warm water for 1 minute. The soap bar used for washing was left to dry for 24 hours at room temperature (24°C, 40% relative humidity), and then the final value was reweighed. The difference between the initial and final values determined the erosion index.

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Effect of alkali concentration on the production of cream-scented soap. The change in the quality indicators of cream-scented soaps also depends on the concentration of the alkali epitome that reacts during saponification. In this study, each oil composition was saponified with alkali solutions of 20%, 40% and 60% concentration, and the effect of changing the alkali concentration on the quality indicators of soap was determined, and the results are presented in the table below. (Table 2).

Table 2.

The influence of alkali concentration on the production of cream-perfumed soap

As can be seen from the table, when the alkali concentration was changed by 20%, the saponification reaction time was 80-90 minutes, and when using 40% and 60% alkali solution concentrations, the reaction time decreased by 2.25-3.21 times and was 40 minutes and 28-38 minutes, respectively. Other parameters of the scented cream soap samples also changed, including humidity, titer, free alkali content, and quality indicators. When treating sample 1 with a 20% alkali solution, the humidity was 25%, and when treated with a 60% alkali solution, this indicator was 10%. In sample 3, it was found that the raw material humidity decreased from 18% to 8% depending on the alkali concentration. Only in sample 2 did the change in this indicator not change at concentrations of 40% and 60% and was 14%. Changing the alkali concentration has virtually no effect on the titer indicators of the samples. It was found that the amount of free alkali in the samples increases with increasing alkali concentration, with the arithmetic mean value ranging from 0.073% to 0.267%.

As is known, the qualitative and quantitative indicators of soaps are the indicators that determine the amount of saponified fatty acids, which also affects the change in other indicators. A low number of quality indicators leads to the fact that the saponification reaction did not go to completion, its duration is long, and the amount of free alkali is large. The qualitative numerical indicator of the studied samples was 65.3% in a 20% alkali solution, 78.57% and 79% in 40% and 60% concentration, respectively.

The results of the sample studies showed that in the production of cream-perfumed soaps, different ratios of oil compositions and changes in the concentration of alkali lead to changes in the quality indicators of the resulting cream-perfumed soaps. Continuing our studies, the physicochemical indicators of the developed composition of cream-perfumed soaps were compared with regulatory documents and samples of cream-perfumed soaps that are widely used at present.

3.3. Results of physicochemical parameters of samples of cream-scented soaps. The quality parameters of samples of perfumed cream soap: Sample-1, Sample-2 and Sample-3 were compared with hypoallergenic perfumed cream soap "Умка" for children, produced by LLC "Belaya Manufaktura", Nizhny Novgorod Region, Russian Federation, currently presented in the markets of Uzbekistan. The results of the study are presented in the table below.

Table 3.

Physicochemical parameters of standard cream-scented soaps and samples

The table shows that the humidity (13%), titer index (36.2°C), free alkali content (0.09%), quality number (76.1 g), initial foam volume (338 cm³), pH level (8.5 pH) of the cream-perfumed soap “Умка” taken for comparison during the experiments correspond to the norms established by international standards.

Determining the moisture content of soap is important for assessing its shelf life, and high moisture content, in turn, reacts with unsaponifiable fatty acids, forming glycerols with free fatty acids. It was found that the average moisture content of the samples obtained during the experiments was 12.46%, which is close to the moisture content of “Умка” soap (13%). Also, given that the titer of soaps determines their melting point, according to the results of our studies, the titer of the first sample of cream-perfume soap was 38.4 °C, the second sample - 37.4°C, the third sample - 40.2°C. The analysis showed that these values the titer of Умка cream perfumed soap (36.2°C). In addition, it was found that the content of free alkali in the samples of cream-scented soap was 0.098%, and the quality number was 78.6 grams, and the compliance of these indicators with the values allowed in the requirements of the international standard was studied.

The foaming ability of soap is determined by the amount of foam formed by the soap solution with the help of surfactants and determines the quality of soap [14, p. 435]. Comparison showed that the foaming ability of sample 1 was 3.5 cm, and sample 3 - 3.1 cm, which is lower than the foaming ability of Умка soap (3.61 cm), and the indicator of sample 2 is higher (3.8 cm). It was also determined that the initial foam volume in our samples was as follows: 330 cm³, 348 cm³, 320 cm³. These values were relatively close to the value of the initial foam volume (338 cm³) of the cream-perfumed soap Умка, with which they were compared.

The pH level of the cream-perfumed soaps taken for comparison in sample 1 (8.8) and sample 3 (10.4) was higher than the pH value of the cream-perfumed soap "Умка" (8.5), while the pH value of sample 2 (8.1) was lower. It is recommended that the pH level of hygienic soap used for human skin be no lower than 3-5 pH and no higher than 10-11 pH [14]. In addition, as can be seen from the above results, it can be noted that the erosion index values during hand washing for the three samples are 0.48 g, 0.38 g and 0.185 g for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It turned out that the values of these samples are identical to the indicators of sample 2, which was compared with "Умка".

The results of the study showed that the physical and chemical indicators of Sample 2 among the samples of cream-perfumed soap correspond to a greater extent to the indicators of the other samples of the quality indicators of cream-perfumed soap "Умка", selected for comparison. One of the indicators that determine the marketability of any manufactured product and form the first impression of the product among buyers is the organoleptic indicators of the product. In the course of our research, the organoleptic indicators of the above-mentioned samples of soap with creamy fragrance were studied and compared with soap "Умка".

4. Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were made:

1. When obtaining samples of cream-perfumed soap, alkaline solutions of various concentrations (20%, 40% and 60%) were used to saponify oil mixtures. Based on the analysis of the quality indicators of the obtained cream-perfumed soaps, a 40% alkaline solution was chosen as the most optimal solution.

2. The physicochemical and organoleptic (humidity, free alkali content, quality number, pH, titer, washability during hand washing, initial foam volume) indicators of the soaps in the samples were compared with the standards specified in the GOST for Umka cream-perfumed toilet soap.

3. In general, of the 3 samples of cream-perfumed soap, the second sample of cream-perfumed soap was chosen as the most suitable for further research, since its physicochemical and organoleptic indicators were close to international standards (GOST) and the control soap "Умка, it received the highest rating among the participants based on the results of the organoleptic test and retained its quality indicators well after a 6-month shelf life.

References:

1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-4118 “On additional measures for the further development of the oil industry and the introduction of market mechanisms in the management of the industry”, dated January 16, 2019.
2. Hashempour-Baltork F., Torbati, M., Azadmard-Damirchi, S., & Savage, G. P. (2016). Vegetable oil blending: A review of physicochemical, nutritional and health effects. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 57, 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2016.09.007
3. Upadya H, Devaraju CJ, Joshi SR. Anti-inflammatory properties of blended edible oil with synergistic antioxidants. Indian J Endocr Metab 2015;19:511-9. DOI:10.4103/2230-8210.159063
4. A.B. Yo’lchiev, Sh.Sh. Yuldashev, I.R. Asqarov. - The formulation of soaps by using non-traditional oils (Noananaviy moylar yordamida sovun tarkibini boyitish) // Journal of Chemistry of Goods and Traditional Medicine, Volumes 2, Issue 6, 2023 – 65-87 b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55475/jcgtm/vol2.iss6.2023.237
5. Yulchiev A.B., Yuldashev.Sh.Sh., Asqarov.I.R., Development of the oil base of cream-perfumed soaps with the help of blended oil compositions.// Scientific journal of the Fergana State University. 2024; 30(3): 61-69. DOI: 10.56292/SJFSU/vol30_iss3/a135
6. O.F. Okemini, I.C. Dilim, Y.Q. Mohammed, I.F. Chukwuneme. Physico-Chemical Properties of Toilet Soaps Prepared From Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) OIL, MELON (Cucumeropsis mannii) Seed Oil and the Blends of The Two. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC), e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 15, Issue 10 Ser. I (October 2022). DOI: 10.9790/5736-1510010107
7. Maotsela T., Danha G., & Muzenda, E. (2019). Utilization of Waste Cooking Oil and Tallow for Production of Toilet “Bath” Soap. Procedia Manufacturing, 35, 541–545. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2019.07.008
8. Andrew Setiawan Rusdianto, Atika Yulianti, Sony Suwasono, Andi Eko Wiyono. The Characteristics of Liquid Soap with Additional Variations of Moringa Seed Extract (Moringa oleifera L.). International Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources. 2 (3): 5-11. DOI:10.46676/ij-fanres.v2i3.43
9.  ГОСТ 790-89 Мыло хозяйственное и мыло туалетное. Правила приемки и методы выполнения измерений.
10. Ginn M.E., Steinhauer R.C., Liebman I., & Jungermann.E. (1968). Effect of tallow-coconut fatty acid ratios on properties of bar soaps. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 45(10), 666–669. doi:10.1007/BF02541252
11. ГОСТ 28546-2002. Мыло туалетное твердое // М.: ИПК Издательство стандартов. - 2003.- 11 с.
12. Warra A. A. (2013). A report on soap making in Nigeria using indigenous technology and raw materials. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 7(4), 139–145. doi:10.5897/AJPAC11.016
13. Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis http://www.soap-body-and-spa.com (accessed on 20/7/2019)
14. Vivian O.P., Nathan, O., Osano, A., Mesopirr, L. and Omwoyo, W.N. (2014) Assessment of the Physicochemical Properties of Selected Commercial Soaps Manufactured and Sold in Kenya. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 4, 433-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.