OBTAINING COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON CELLULOSE AND BASALT FIBER

ABSTRACT

Cellulose, being a natural resource, plays an important role in the production of innovative and environmentally friendly materials. Basalt fibers, in turn, are characterized by high mechanical properties, durability and reliability. The combination of these two materials results in composite structures that are not only environmentally friendly and sustainable, but also have advanced physical and microscopic properties that make them suitable for various practical applications, particularly in the construction, energy, automotive and medical industries. The main objective of this study is to investigate the combination of cellulose and basalt fiber in different ratios and to develop a new generation of composite materials. This includes analyzing their physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics. The significance of the work is that it contributes to environmental safety, the development of sustainable materials and their integration into emerging technologies.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Целлюлоза, являясь природным ресурсом, играет важную роль в производстве инновационных и экологически чистых материалов. Базальтовые волокна, в свою очередь, отличаются высокими механическими свойствами, долговечностью и надежностью. Сочетание этих двух материалов приводит к созданию композитных структур, которые не только являются экологически чистыми и устойчивыми, но и обладают передовыми физическими и микроскопическими свойствами, что делает их пригодными для различных практических применений, в частности в строительстве, энергетике, автомобильной и медицинской промышленности. Основной целью данного исследования является изучение сочетания целлюлозы и базальтового волокна в различных соотношениях и разработка нового поколения композитных материалов. Это включает в себя анализ их физических, механических и химических характеристик. Значимость работы заключается в том, что она вносит вклад в обеспечение экологической безопасности, развитие производства устойчивых материалов и их интеграцию в развивающиеся технологии.

Keywords: Cellulose, basalt fiber, composite materials, natural raw materials, environmental safety, renewable energy.

Ключевые слова: Целлюлоза, базальтовое волокно, композитные материалы, природное сырье, экологическая безопасность, возобновляемая энергия.

Introduction: At present, the demand for the production of environmentally friendly and sustainable materials in the field of materials science is steadily increasing. The use of natural raw materials, ensuring high production efficiency, and the development of materials that are harmless to the environment are among the primary objectives of modern industry. Composite materials based on cellulose and basalt fiber represent one of the most relevant and innovative solutions in this direction.

Cellulose is a natural, biologically pure, and recyclable raw material that is considered both environmentally and economically efficient. Basalt fiber, on the other hand, is distinguished by its excellent mechanical and thermal properties, making it widely applicable in the field of materials science. The combination of these two types of raw materials contributes to the development of a new generation of advanced materials [1].

Composite materials obtained through the combination of cellulose and basalt fiber are suitable not only for use in the construction and transportation sectors, but also in energy, medicine, and environmental protection. These materials are characterized by the stability of their physical and mechanical properties, high resistance to stress, and the ability to perform under various operating conditions.

This study explores the methods of obtaining new composite materials based on cellulose and basalt fiber, examines their properties, and analyzes their practical applications across different sectors [2].

There exist various types of paper, cardboard, and paper-like composite materials. The need to enhance their consumer properties arises directly from the demands and specific requirements of the economy in their areas of application. The development of new properties is achieved by modifying the nature of the binding component. Fiber-based materials such as cellulose, wood pulp, and synthetic fibers are commonly used as reinforcing elements, while organic primarily synthetic and inorganic polymers are employed as binding components [1,3].

Taking the above into consideration, we produced paper-based products by combining cellulose extracted from annual plants with basalt fibers, and examined their compliance with the required quality indicators. The full course of the experimental process has been presented [4,5].

Research Methods. It should be noted that the paper samples selected for the experiment were required to have smooth, clean, unbent, and unwrinkled edges. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the paper were determined using the L&W dynamometer, an instrument equipped with an electronic counter designed to measure the durability of paper [6-8].

The tensile strength of the paper sample was determined using a dynamometer with a 100 mm gap for sample compression. The sample was pre-tensioned with a force of up to 0.3 N to prevent slipping. The number of tested samples was recorded in the instrument's program, and the surface area of the sample was adjusted to correspond to a mass of 1 m². The test results, including the tensile strength in Newtons (N) and the elongation length in meters (m), were printed by the instrument. It is important to note that if the tensile strength (F) is up to 50 N, measurements are accurate to 0.1 N, and for values between 50 N and 500 N, accuracy is up to 1 N. The difference between the test results should not exceed +4%. The average arithmetic value of the test results was calculated for both directions of the paper [9,10].

The elongation length (L, m) of the paper was determined using the following formula:

here: I₀– nominal distance between the jaws, in mm; m – the mass of the paper sample, in g (the average value of all taken samples). The error in testing should not exceed +5%.

We continued our research by determining the tensile strength. For this purpose, the RMB-30-M dynamometer was used. The dynamometer consists of a pendulum force measuring device, a mechanism for measuring the elongation length, and magnetic amplifiers. To begin the test, a sample of 15 ± 0.1 mm in width was cut. The length of the sample depends on the length of the gripping area of the dynamometer. Since this distance is 100 mm, the gripping length was considered, and the sample length was taken as 140-160 mm. The sample was prepared in 10 transverse directions, and then the samples were tested according to the dynamometer’s instructions. The results were calculated using the following formula (for elongation length in meters):

   or                                                               (1)

here: – the length of the sample between the dynamometer clamps is measured in millimeters (mm); F – the breaking force, in Newtons (N); m – the average mass of the sample, in grams (g); b – the width of the sample, in millimeters (mm); m_1m₂ – mass of 1 m² of paper, in grams (g) [11,12].

The tensile strength is directly indicated by the dynamometer. The elongation length of the paper refers to the point at which a suspended sample strip, fixed at one end, breaks under its own weight [13-16].

The elongation length (%) during the stretching process was simultaneously determined using the RMB-30-2M instrument, along with the measurement of tensile strength. The distance between the sample clamps was set at 180 mm. The relative elongation (in mm) was calculated using the following formula:

                                                                        (2)

here: - the average elongation length of all tested samples, mm; - the initial distance between the two clamps of the sample, mm.

Results and Analysis. Local annual plants were cooked in an alkaline solution with concentrations ranging from 10 g/l to 30 g/l, at temperatures between 25 °C and 150°C, for 30 to 90 minutes. The quality indicators of the obtained cellulose were studied. The analysis of the results showed that both an increase and a decrease in alkali concentration negatively affect the cellulose yield. Cooking the stalks in a low-concentration alkaline solution hinders the formation of cellulose, resulting in an increased amount of semi-cellulose.

On the other hand, an increase in alkali concentration leads to the destruction of the produced celluloses.

Next, we continued the experiment by determining the paper's resistance to repeated folding in both directions. As stated in several literature sources on paper technology, determining the paper's resistance to multiple folding in both directions is based on counting the number of folds it can withstand before breaking while in a tensioned state. The resistance to folding of the paper was tested using a "Frank" device. Four samples of 100x15 mm dimensions were cut from the composite papers under investigation. The samples taken for the experiment were stored under climatic conditions for 2 hours.

Then, the samples were firmly attached to the two clamps of the device. After that, the working part of the apparatus was activated. The number of folds was automatically recorded on the device screen. Once the sample broke (ruptured), the calculation in the apparatus was automatically stopped. The number of folds in both directions was recorded in the table. The results were derived from the average values of both tests. The paper strip was stretched with a force of 9.91+0.2 N between the two clamps of the apparatus, and the number of folds before rupture was determined when the sample was bent at 180 °C. The test is required to be conducted on one of the I-1-2, I-2-1, or I-1M devices. We conducted our experiments using the I-1-2 device. The test results of the samples were included in Table 2 and analyzed. The following table shows that the quality indicators of paper samples obtained from plant celluloses are lower than those of paper samples obtained from flax and basalt fibers.

In conclusion, it can be said that in composites based on mineral fibers, as in plant fiber paper materials, there are at least three types of bonding involved:

-first of all, bonds related to friction force, depending on the fiber surface character and the density of the structure;

-intermolecular interaction bonds, or Van der Waals forces;

-a specific type of coordination bond known as hydrogen bonds.

The difference between the bonds of mineral and plant fibers lies in the fact that in paper or cardboard made from plant fibers, friction and Van der Waals forces contribute less to strength compared to hydrogen bonds.

Figure 1. Physical-mechanical properties of paper made from a blend of flax and wheat straw cellulose

Figure 2. Physical-mechanical properties of paper made from a blend of flax cellulose and basalt fiber

In this regard, S.N. Ivanov justly points out that the lower the strength of the paper (for example, made from less refined or less processed fibers), the greater the contribution of the frictional forces and Van der Waals interactions to the overall strength. The results of the analysis show that, in the case of materials made from mineral fibers, the role of frictional forces and Van der Waals interactions is even stronger, surpassing even the strength of hydrogen bonding forces.

Conclusion. The creation of composite materials based on cellulose and basalt fibers is an important step toward the development of new-generation, environmentally friendly, and highly durable materials. These materials are natural and biologically safe, and their mechanical and physical properties ensure high reliability and efficiency. The combination of cellulose and basalt fibers can be applied not only in the construction and medical fields but also in transportation, energy, and environmental protection.

Research has shown that composite materials based on cellulose and basalt fibers possess high mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability. The environmental significance of these materials should be thoroughly studied, as their natural properties make them compatible with specific compounds and production technologies.

At the same time, varying compositions of cellulose and basalt fibers allow for optimization of their properties. This research may lead to significant results in improving the environmental situation, producing sustainable materials, and expanding their application across different sectors. These materials provide not only the use of natural raw materials but also the opportunity to develop their economic and ecological efficiency.

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