SOURCES OF RAW MATERIALS IN THE PRODUCTION OF COAL BRIQUETTES

ABSTRACT

In recent years, in our republic, in order to meet the population's need for hard coal due to the shortage of natural gas, attention has been paid to the production of briquettes with high combustion heat based on soft fractions of coal, and certain results have been achieved. This article emphasizes that the production of coal briquettes with high mechanical strength based on bioorganic binders using innovative technologies is one of the important tasks. Information on the formation, composition, methods of their separation, and stages of neutralization of oil sludges has been studied. The use of starch as a binder for the production of coal briquettes with high mechanical strength based on bioorganic binders using innovative technologies has been proposed, and information on starch production methods and areas of application has been provided. The results of experimental tests obtained on a coal briquette production and pressing device are presented.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В последние годы в нашей республике для удовлетворения потребности населения в каменном угле в связи с дефицитом природного газа уделяется внимание производству брикетов с высокой теплотой сгорания на основе мягких фракций угля и достигнуты определенные результаты. В статье подчеркивается, что производство угольных брикетов с высокой механической прочностью на основе биоорганических связующих с использованием инновационных технологий рассматривается как одна из важных задач. Изучены сведения об образовании и составе нефтешлама, методах его разделения и этапах обезвреживания. Предложено использование крахмала в качестве связующего для производства угольных брикетов с высокой механической прочностью на основе биоорганических связующих с использованием инновационных технологий, а также приведены сведения о способах получения крахмала и областях его применения. Представлены результаты экспериментальных испытаний, полученные на установке по производству и прессованию угольных брикетов.

Keywords: oil sludge, thermal method, chemical method, physico-chemical method, biological method, oil waste, physico-chemical properties of asphalt concrete mixture, starch.

Ключевые слова: нефтешлам, термический метод, химический метод, физико-химический метод, биологический метод, нефтяные отходы, физико-химические свойства асфальтобетонной смеси, крахмал.

Introduction

Today, as a result of the increase in the world’s population and economic growth, the demand for oil, gas, coal and other types of fuels is increasing year by year. Among these fuels, coal is of particular importance. Coal fuels are considered to be an economical and widely used raw material for various industrial sectors. Coal does not always meet the required standards. An example of this is the fact that coal is crushed under the influence of external forces and loses its mechanical strength. Therefore, briquetting in special devices with the help of binders is of great importance in order to increase the combustibility of the resulting coal particles.

In order to accelerate the development of fuel production in the world, scientific work is being carried out to improve the processing processes of raw materials rich in hydrocarbons, to create modern equipment and technologies. In this regard, special attention is paid to the study of the components of coal raw materials necessary for heating systems in social and communal sectors, and to the creation of modern, highly efficient methods and technologies for the production of briquettes with increased combustion heat and high strength based on the soft fraction of coal, enriched with biobinders.

In this context, several methods are used to separate and neutralize the generated oil sludge [1, p. 97-101].

1. Thermal method - in which hydrocarbon gases contained in oil sludge are separated by thermal treatment.
2. Chemical method - various solvents are applied to the oil sludge, and the hydrocarbon part is separated.
3. Physico-chemical method - solvents and demulsifiers are added to the waste, and the hydrocarbon part is separated mechanically.
4. Biological method - microbiological by fragmentation neutralized.

The neutralization of oil sludge formed in oil storage facilities is carried out in the following stages:

- collection of the oil film formed on the surface of the warehouse.

- emultsian oil from the composition liquid phase separation.

- created oil dehydration and desalination.

In the development of industry, coal and oil are primarily needed as fuels for factories, factories, railways and water transport. Methods for separating oil sludge were first proposed in the USA by Edwin Drake in 1967. Around the same time, work on separating oil sludge began in Russia.

The Bukhara oil refinery alone produces up to 2,000 tons of oil waste per year. Currently, this waste is stored in special warehouses at great expense or is processed and used as construction material. Analyses show that by processing oil waste, an additional 1,000 tons of colored oil products can be produced at the plant level. The expected economic effect from this is 700 million soums per year in 2014 prices.

Materials and methods

Oil slurries contain salts, there are solid hydrocarbons and solid mechanical substances, the sources of their formation were studied at the scale of countries.

Table 2.1

The composition of salts, solid hydrocarbons and solid mechanical substances in oil sludge

Separation of oil sludge into phases is carried out using centrifugal force, using decanters designed to increase the separation efficiency by adding additives to the sludge composition, and using settling devices. Many scientists around the world have conducted research on the composition and properties of oil waste, as well as the development of methods for their disposal. The organic part of the oil waste composition was separated by extraction and thermal methods. The group composition of the separated oil was analyzed by adsorption chromatography. The physicochemical characteristics and component composition of the samples are given in the table.

Table 2.2

Physical and chemical characteristics and component composition of oil waste

Separated oil contains paraffin-naphthene components (40.84%), aromatic hydrocarbons (26.08%) are present. Oil waste contains 12.76% asphaltenes exists. So oil from waste with alcohol-benzene extracted separated oil simple from oil high at the level paraffins, asphalto-waxy substances quantity with is distinguished [2, p. 64-72].

Such substances amount abundance them again to work makes it difficult. Petroleum from the soil separated organic part containing paraffin and naphthenes amount (6.49%) and aromatic oils amount (28.12%) country of origin Oil from the waste separated to oil relatively waxes quantity top: petrol -benzene - 35.8%, alcohol-benzene - 14.57%, benzene - 3.09 % will [3, p. 1-7].

Asphaltenes amount 11.91% to organize is enough Soiled waste the hydrocarbon fraction is high waxy to oil close stands. Kazakh scientists research the organic part isolated solid residual asphalt concrete component as use It is possible. 15-20 wt. % hydrocarbons was cold in the state hard remainder natural 30% sand with mixed asphalt component as is used. Add to the mixture (4-5% by weight). hot petroleum bitumen 90/130 used in road maintenance is added and left for 15 minutes one sexy form a liquid mass until then mixed [4, p. 23-27].

Table 2.3.

An asphalt concrete physical- chemical mixture properties

Results and discussions

The results obtained in the coal briquette production and pressing device: 360 g of coal fine fraction, 120 g of oil sludge, 15 g of rice starch, the total mass of the raw material is 495 g. The described device H (forming height) is 24 cm, D-10 cm is the diameter of the device, h₂ - 2 cm is the height of the piston, P-300 g is the weight of the piston and h₁ -18 cm is the total height of the mixture.

Table 2.4

Meanings

Water and starch are the main components of manufactured products. Other organic and inorganic compounds in the composition of products have a secondary effect on their technological properties. Salt, sugar and other additives are often used to improve the taste of products. Salt slightly lowers the gelling temperature of starch. However, sugar increases these properties. Organic acids cause starch to thicken at low temperatures. Therefore, the prepared products are thicker than those prepared without organic acids. Root starches, for example, starch obtained from potatoes, lose their properties when their acidity is low (pH=5). Starch obtained from wheat grains (pH=4) is acidic and does not lose its properties in the preparation of some dietary products. Thermal decomposition of starch depends on the acidic environment. An increase in the acidity of the environment leads to the destruction of the starch structure [5, p. 47-58]. Flour contains about 10% protein, most of which is water-insoluble gluten. Gluten is considered a water-insoluble amino acid, and in the production of starch, this amino acid does not pass its negative effects. It affects the color of the product during the release of starch. Water-soluble proteins are more effective starch thickeners. Some products contain a large amount of gelatin. Gelatin and starch complement each other. Therefore, they are thickening and binding products.

Many types of food products contain fatty acids, which slow down the passage of starch into the liquid phase. This reduces the thickening properties of starch. Starch is the main accumulator of energy resources in plants, especially starch accumulates in large quantities in the seeds, fruits, and roots of plants. In the food industry, potato starch is mainly used, rarely corn and rice starch. The production of potato starch is technologically the simplest and most economically efficient. Although ordinary wheat flour has the same properties as other starches, it contains a small amount of additivesPotato starch is added to the dough, which is then cooked. Through processing of textiles, fabrics, and sheets with starch, it acquires unique technological properties. These properties significantly expand the applications of starch. This method of using starch, due to its unique characteristics, may be more suitable for traditional methods. However, despite the large number of types of chemical glues offered by the consumer market, glues made on the basis of paste have very important advantages, such as the environmental friendliness of a natural product, which has not lost its relevance. Products made on the basis of cereal starch do not require complex processes. In order for starch to form a complete solution, it requires sieving. To make starch a liquid consistency, warm water is poured into it and mixed until a homogeneous mass is formed. During the thickening process, it is necessary to add the required amount of warm water to the mass. The final stage is to heat the paste in a water bath, sieve it and cool it to room temperature. Products made from potato starch can be used in various sectors of the national economy. Starch is one of the most common substances in plants. It can accumulate up to 86% in some plants. Starch is formed as a result of photosynthesis in the presence of chlorophyll of the plant and then accumulates in fruits, seeds and underground parts. Sometimes it can be collected on the stem (some types of palm). Starch serves as reserve food for the plant.

Conclusion

Starch extraction method one how many to be different. For example, it is possible to extract starch from potato starch, for raw materials are ground and water with one how many times is washed. Washed water dyed b precipitated k resin separated and dried up to 20% in drying devices.

Seed starch from fruits and protein, when added separately to the diet in water along with insoluble substances, adversely affects the process. Specifically, both fruit and seed components are left in the water container for a long time, leading to fermentation. As a result, water-soluble substances, including proteins and others, are utilized or sink to the bottom. The starch is then separated using this method, dried separately, and stored.

Starch is odorless, tasteless, and colorless as a powder, a finger between if it rubs it hums. Without water starch density – 1,620 - 1,650 kg/m³. Starch cold in water, alcohol, organic solvents does not dissolve. In warm 70 - 75⁰C water leaders swollen will crack and sticky liquid - kleister (starch glue) product will be This is Kleister polarized the light to the right is a colloidal solution that twists. A starch grain consists of a substance inside the carbohydrate membrane of the grain, and they are very different from each other in terms of structure. The membrane consists of amylopectin, and the substance inside it consists of amylose .

The reaction to determine whether a starch granule is composed of amylopectin and amylose is carried out as follows: 2 ml of a mixture of starch in water is placed on a glass slide, 1-2 drops of a 3% potassium hydroxide solution are added, covered with a coverslip and observed under a small microscope objective. Under the microscope, the starch granule can be observed to swell, split, and disappear. To neutralize the alkali in the mixture, 1-2 drops of a 1% solution are added, some of the particles formed as a result of hydrolysis are colored purple, and some are colored blue. Of these, the ones that turn purple are amylopectin, and the ones that turn blue are amylose.

In medicine and in pharmaceuticals 4 plants the obtained starch is used. They are from each other the grains of rice The difference in size and shape does; potato starch – Starch Hello: potato (Solanum fuberosum L.) from the end is taken; wheat starchy – Starch Tritici, wheat (Triticum vulgar L.) from the grain is taken; corn starchy – Starch Maydis, corn (Zea grass L.) from the grain rice is taken starchy – Starch Oryzae, rice (Oryza satira L.) from the grain is taken.

Starch other substances with mixture for babies sprinkled powder and on the skin ruggable oils in preparation is used.

Stomach and intestine in diseases starch boiling prepared solution – Desoutum (Mucilago) Amyli is given Kleister soaked bandage in traumatology is used. Dextrin – Dextrinum solution is used as glue.

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