SYNTHESIS OF TEMPERATURE AND MASS RATIO OF ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM-CONTAINED PHTHOLACYANINE PIGMENTS

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the synthesis of aluminum-magnesium phthalocyanine pigments under optimal temperature and mass ratio conditions. The synthesis was carried out using phthalic anhydride, urea, metal salts, and catalysts. The results indicate that the newly synthesized pigments exhibit improved coloration properties and economic viability. The most suitable reaction conditions were identified to enhance synthesis efficiency and environmental sustainability. The pigments were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess their thermal stability. The results show that aluminum-magnesium-containing phthalocyanine pigments maintain stability over a wide temperature range, making them suitable as color additives for paints and coatings. The study provides insights into the efficient synthesis of these pigments and their potential applications in industrial coatings and related fields.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В этом исследовании основное внимание уделяется синтезу пигментов фталоцианина алюминия-магния при оптимальных условиях температуры и массового соотношения. Синтез проводился с использованием фталевого ангидрида, мочевины, солей металлов и катализаторов. Результаты показывают, что вновь синтезированные пигменты демонстрируют улучшенные свойства окраски и экономическую жизнеспособность. Были определены наиболее подходящие условия реакции для повышения эффективности синтеза и экологической устойчивости. Пигменты были проанализированы с помощью термогравиметрического анализа (ТГА) для оценки их термической стабильности. Результаты показывают, что пигменты фталоцианина, содержащие алюминий-магний, сохраняют стабильность в широком диапазоне температур, что делает их пригодными в качестве цветных добавок для красок и покрытий. Исследование дает представление об эффективном синтезе этих пигментов и их потенциальном применении в промышленных покрытиях и смежных областях.

Keywords: aluminium oxide, magnesium acetate, phthalic anhydride, phthalocyanine, temperature and mass ratio differences.

Ключевые слова: оксид алюминия, ацетат магния, фталевый ангидрид, фталоцианин, температурные и массовые различия.

Introduction.

The importance of pigment identification by non-invasive analysis is increasingly evident in the field of spectroscopy applied to art conservation and art history.[1] Among the large collection of pigments synthesised and commercialised in the 20th century, phthalocyanine blue and green pigments undoubtedly occupy an important place in the field of painting (including restoration) and printing due to their properties such as brightness and durability. [2] This study focuses on the most commonly used phthalocyanine blue and green pigments and the possibility of identifying these organic compounds using methodologies such as UV, visible, and near-IR reflectance spectroscopy.

Over the past decade, organic materials have gained a significant and well-deserved status in the field of electronic devices. [3] Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are a class of semiconductors due to their chemical, thermal, and semiconducting properties under both dark and light conditions. [4] These advantages allow them to be used as LEDs, gas sensors, nonlinear optical sensors, and optical sensors. In addition, as previously reported, the band gap for both the indirect and direct allowed transitions varies between 2.4 and 3.05 eV. It is noted that zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) deposits are used as active materials for radio and microwave band filters. [5] Phthalocyanines are aromatic or macrocyclic organic compounds that have attracted much attention due to their numerous properties.[7 425 b] Although tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines such as MPc-1-tb have been synthesized as a mixture of four isomers with symmetries D2h, C4h, C2 and C2, statistically they can be prepared as a regioisomeric mixture in a 4:2:1 ratio: [8 260 b] To illustrate how specific families of pigments are given different pigment properties, production methods are shown and a logical system for naming color pigments is discussed. [ 9 263-318 b]

Experience and discussion.

Were synthesised in 3 different mass ratios at temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 300 °C.

Reaction 1: Aluminium oxide and magnesium acetate in a 1:1 mass-to-mass proportion were taken, and 120 minutes at 250°C from 300°C temperature was between synthesis. The reaction was completed at 250 °C in the 60th minute. green to colour will pass and temperature yellow as it rises to colour the passage our observation possible.

Reaction 2. The same salts were taken in a ratio of 1:1.5. The reaction was synthesised for 120 minutes at a temperature range of 250 °C to 300 °C. We observe that the reaction product turns light green.

Reaction 3: Aluminium oxide and magnesium acetate were taken in a mass ratio of 2:1 and synthesised at a temperature range of 250 °C to 300 °C for 120 minutes. We observe that the reaction product turns green.

these reactions metal of atoms ratio and temperature is important role plays . Phthalocyanine rings in metal coordination gardens through connects

This reaction in the scheme of metals acceptance of nitrogen atom donation on account of is a connecting and complicated complex phthalocyanine harvest. It's happening.

Figure 1. Aluminum-magnesium saved phthalocyanine pigment synthesis

 Table 1.

Aluminum-Magnesium Aluminum obtained for phthalocyanine oxide and magnesium Effect of acetate mass ratio and temperature on pigment yield

Reaction to the temperature in a durable glass container took place. Reaction As the temperature increases over time, gas output accelerates before substances in the liquid to the situation will pass and react to the end until liquid from the situation hard to the situation passes. Reaction products separate 93% concentrated sulfuric acid poured to react without entering remaining substances separately taken. The reaction is acidic to the environment, passing by remaining for NaHCO_3₃ sodium hydrocarbonate salt is inserted. Reaction environment to neutral past until sodium hydrocarbonate salt put The reaction product dried in the oven at 60°C at 500 per minute. Aluminium and magnesium phthalocyanines are various kinds of compounds that are important to the potential applications of many edges. They photodynamically treat therapy for effective photosensitizers, becoming strong photophysicists and demonstrating photochemical features they will and promising catalytic opportunities have. From this, except for their unique laser features and electricity conductivity, electronic devices are used for comfort. This will do. In the field, taking going research and developments of new applications when opening and this of compounds efficiency in increasing continue is doing. Reaction in the presence of additional cleaning and neutralisation from work, then green-coloured crystal composition product harvest since it was and as follows: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and differential thermogravimetric in analysis manifestation since it was evidence gives    

Figure 1. Aluminium keeper phthalocyanine pigment thermogravimetric (TG A) and differential thermal analysis (DT A)

Analyses show that the main mass loss in the 1st decomposition is 25.34-236.7 o C for 22.18 min. It will be over, and then 46.494% of the mass is lost. The second decomposition occurs at 236.70-408.34 °C, in which 44.713% of the mass is lost. 3. Decomposition occurs at 408.34-801.10 °C, in which 4.626% of the mass is lost. The studied aluminium magnesium keeper phthalocyanine pigment time during temperature impact to grow as a result of mass loss in various processes with related primary composites partially oxidised as a result of mass increase observation with substance in the composition decomposition begins, and secondly, aluminium magnesium keeper phthalocyanine pigment in the content pilot substances output with decomposition to the surface comes and other substances the temperature exceeds progress as a result of decomposition accelerating goes.

A well-established process that involved the interaction of phthalic anhydride and urea, followed by the reaction of aluminium oxide with magnesium acetate, was used to create aluminium magnesium phthalocyanine (AlMgPc). Several analytical techniques were used to characterise the resultant chemical. The optimal temperature was 225 °C, which amply demonstrates that aluminium magnesium phthalocyanine was successfully formed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG A) and differential thermal analysis (DT A) were used to examine the aluminium magnesium keeper phthalocyanine pigment.

Conclusion

In this study, aluminum-magnesium phthalocyanine pigments were successfully synthesized under varying temperature and mass ratio conditions. The results demonstrated that the optimal synthesis conditions were achieved at a temperature of 225°C, with an appropriate Al₂O₃ to Mg(CH₃COO)₂ ratio ensuring efficient pigment formation. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the pigments' high thermal stability, making them suitable for industrial applications, particularly in paints and coatings.

The research highlights the economic and environmental advantages of these pigments, as their synthesis process is both cost-effective and eco-friendly. The findings also suggest that aluminum-magnesium phthalocyanine pigments can be utilized in high-temperature applications, including protective coatings and electronic materials.

Further studies can focus on enhancing the color properties of these pigments and exploring their potential applications in advanced material science, catalysis, and electronic devices. The insights gained from this research provide a strong foundation for future developments in functional pigment technology

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