THE DECISIVE ROLE OF THE MULTICOMPONENT DISPENSER-MIXER IN PROGRESSIVE AND PROMISING AREAS OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT

АННОТАЦИЯ

Задача сельскохозяйственного производства – это увеличение производства, увеличение продукции животноводства, повышение эффективности человеческого ресурса и пониженная себестоимость получаемой продукции. А реализация данных задач достигается целостной механизацией трудоемких процессов и внедрении современных технологий. На результативность производства и объем животноводческой продукции напрямую зависят от уровня и качества кормления животных, а также сбалансированности рационов с учетом питательности кормов

ABSTRACT

The goal of agricultural production is to increase production, increase livestock production, increase the efficiency of human resources and reduce the cost of the resulting products. Ensuring data integrity, mechanizing processes and introducing modern technologies. The productivity of production and the volume of livestock products directly depend on the levels and quality of animal feeding, as well as the balance of diets, taking into account the nutritional value of feed.

Ключевые слова: механизация, многокомпонентный дозатар- смеситель, механизация трудоемких процессов

Keywords: mechanization, multi-component batcher mixer, mechanization of production processes

The implementation of these tasks can be achieved only with the holistic mechanization of labor-intensive processes and the introduction of modern technologies. The productivity of production and the volume of livestock products directly depend on the level and quality of animal feeding, as well as the balance of diets, taking into account the nutritional value of feed. To create a strong feed base for livestock farming, together with succulent and roughage feeds, it is necessary to pay special attention to concentrated feeds. A progressive and promising direction in the development of livestock farming is the dosed distribution of concentrated and combined feeds depending on productivity, and the importance of these feeds as a share of the feed balance increases every year.

The effectiveness of feeding with combined feeds is explained by the combination of individual concentrated components and microelements. In this regard, it is necessary that technical means provide a given amount of feed individually to each animal or group of animals, depending on the diet in accordance with zootechnical requirements and productivity. The dosing devices used in feed mills and on farms have a number of significant disadvantages: design complexity, high metal consumption, poor dosing quality, high cost, etc. For complex dispenser designs, the cost of labor and money for their repair and maintenance increases, thus reducing the efficiency of their use. In addition, the excess feed given to the animal and eaten by it is not fully compensated by the resulting products, which leads to irrational feed consumption. Uniformity is of great importance, since the daily ration, and especially the one-time feed given to animals, in particular poultry, is very small. In some cases it amounts to several tens of grams.

And this small amount of feed should contain all the substances provided for in the diet of mixed feed, premixes, etc.The uniform distribution of the components is ensured by mixing them.

The purpose of mixing is to transform a certain list of components into a feed mixture with certain properties. In other words, mixing is a set of processes of directed formation of systems that are homogeneous in composition, density and physical and mechanical properties from a set of required componentsSometimes the mixing operation is combined with the main or additional grinding of the components. In particular, hammer crushers have a good mixing effect, and this property is successfully used in the production of compound feeds When preparing wet feed mixtures, chopper-mixers with blade working parts are used. Depending on the type and method of keeping animals, the type of feeding adopted, as well as the availability of feed on the farm, feed mixtures are prepared in different consistencies:

• dry (compound feed and feed mixtures) – humidity W=13 - 15%;
• wet loose - W=45 - 70%;
• liquid (flowing) W=75 - 85%.

All these mixtures are obtained by mechanical mixing until smooth. Therefore, the quality of mixing is determined by the degree of homogeneity of the mixture. Its minimum is established by zootechnical requirements:

Mixing of the feed mass is sometimes carried out to redistribute moisture, heat and dissolve certain additives.

Mixers used in livestock farming are very diverse. This is explained by the need to prepare feed mixtures with different physical and mechanical properties of the components: particle size distribution, density, particle shape, humidity, consistency, etc.

Mixing feed is often accompanied by thermal processes and additional grinding.

Mixers currently used for preparing feed mixtures can be classified as follows :

• according to the humidity (physical state) of the mixture being prepared - mixers for bulk, wet and liquid feed;
• according to the nature of the ongoing mixing process - batch and continuous mixers;
• according to the method of influencing the mixture gravitational, centrifugal mixers, with mechanical action of working bodies;
• by design - mixers with mixing devices, with high-speed rotors, vibration;
• according to the set of operations performed - mixers, mixer-steamers, mixer-choppers, mixer-distributors, mixer-crushers-feed dispensers.

Types of mixers. Based on the nature of the process, a distinction is made between batch (periodic) and continuous mixers. Depending on the type of feed being mixed, mixers can be designed for the preparation of dry bulk (compound feed), loose wet and liquid (consistent) feed.

According to the organization of the work process, all mixers are divided into two large groups: with a rotating chamber and with a fixed chamber (or transporting). Mixers with a rotating chamber have not become widespread in feed preparation.

The second group includes stirring mixers. According to the design of the working bodies (mixers), mixers are used: for bulk feed - auger, paddle and belt; for liquid - turbine, propeller and blade; for loose wet (stem) feeds - auger and blade feeds (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Types of mixers (according to S.V. Melnikov):

1, 2, 3 – screw; 4, 5 – lobed; 6, 7, 8 – tape;  9, 10, 11, 12 – turbine; 13, 14, 15, 16 – propeller For the preparation of feed, farms mainly use screw mixers - vertical, horizontal, inclined or planetary.

To prepare wet feed mixtures from stem feeds and root crops, until recently, mainly low-speed, horizontal single- or double-shaft batch-action paddle mixers were used. The use of whole milk substitutes for calves is associated with the need to prepare liquid feed mixtures in the form of emulsions. The use of liquid feeding in pig farming requires the preparation of suspensions.

Liquid components are mixed, as a rule, mechanically in apparatus with stirrers. But in some cases, pump circulation or pneumatic mixing (bubbling) is used.For the mechanical method, low-speed paddle mixers or high-speed turbine and propeller mixers are used. Paddle mixers are used for mixing high-viscosity liquids in small volumes, propeller mixers are used for low-viscosity liquids. Turbine mixers allow a wide range of viscosities.Mixers for loose wet food. For the preparation of wet feed mixtures from stem feeds and root-tuber fruits, single- or double-shaft batch mixers are used.The industry produces twin-shaft unified mixers of several standard sizes, coordinated with each other according to the technological scheme and basic design parameters.

Mixer С-12 is the basic model. The number after the letter in the mixer brand indicates the usable capacity of the housing (m3).For small pig farms and individual households, single-shaft mixers ЗС-Ф-1, ЗС-Ф-2,   СКО-Ф-3  and СКО-Ф-6are produced, designed for steaming and preparing feed mixtures from concentrated and green feed, as well as food waste (use low pressure steam up to 0.07 MPa).Along with this, the industry produces ВК-1 and ВКС -1 - З M digester-mixers. They are thermally insulated and have a higher degree of sealing, which makes it possible to cook porridge and soups for young animals in them (ВК-1) and sterilize food waste (ВКС - З M).The ВКС - З M digester-mixer has a single-shaft paddle mixer and is designed to work with live steam.Mixer С-12 is designed for preparing raw and steamed feed mixtures. It is available in two versions:

1) for use in production lines of feed mills 

2) with a full set of start-up protection equipment for use in other types of feed mills

The mixer consists of a housing 1 (Fig. 2.), a steam distributor 2 with taps, two paddle mixers 3, a discharge auger 4, a discharge neck 5, covers 7 and a control system 6 for the valve and turning on the auger. Mixers and auger are driven by a drive

8.The mixer body, together with the frame and two transverse brackets, is the basic unit on which all mechanisms are installed, and at the same time a container for preparing feed.

Three pipes are welded between the end walls of the housing, serving to supply water and solutions.

Two paddle mixers are installed inside the housing. Each consists of a shaft with 8 blades and bearing blocks mounted on the end walls of the housing. The blades are mounted on the shaft along a helical line at an angle of 45° and are secured with stepladders.

The blades of the right mixer, when viewed from the drive side, mix and direct the feed towards the drive station, and the blades of the left mixer - towards the discharge neck, which ensures good mixing of the feed.

Figure 2. Mixer С-12: 1 – body; 2 – steam distributor; 3 – paddle mixer; 4 – unloading auger; 5 – unloading neck with a wedge valve; 6 – control system; 7 – cover; 8 – drive

At the bottom of the mixer there is a screw with a diameter of 320 mm and a pitch of 250 mm, which supplies the mixed mass to the discharge pipe. The top of the С-12 body is hermetically sealed with lids. One of them has a hatch with a slide valve  and a rod, and the other has an inspection hatch. A limit switch is installed on the bracket on the side of the lid, which turns off the mixer mechanism when the lid is opened.

The steam supply system to the mixer consists of a manifold with a pressure gauge and two distribution pipes, which are each connected to steam-conducting pipes with five coupling valves. The steam supply is controlled using a switch. To prevent feed from entering the distribution pipes, the taps must be closed after steaming. The feed that needs to be steamed is fed into the mixer first. The crushed roughage is loaded with simultaneous moistening. The mixers are turned on no later than when 1/3 of the technological volume is filled and loading continues. In this case, the filling factor of the mixer container should not exceed 0.6...0.7 for thick mixtures containing straw and 0.8 for feed with a moisture content of more than 70%Then close the manhole covers tightly, open the valve on the steam line and the coupling valves on the distribution pipes.

The pressure of the supplied steam and the temperature of the mixture are controlled using a pressure gauge and thermometer. On average, the steaming time in the С-12 mixer is 1 - 3 hours. At the end of steaming, it is necessary to close the coupling taps and valves on the steam line and allow the food to boil for 40 - 60 minutes. After this, water is added to cool the feed and other components are loaded. When preparing feed mixtures without steaming, all components included in the mixture can be fed simultaneously. The feed is mixed for 10 minutes, and when enriched with urea and other chemical solutions - 15 minutes. Mixer-cutters for loose wet food. The feed chopper-mixer IСK-10 (Fig. 1.58) is designed for grinding and mixing feedThe machine consists of a knife rotor 5, receiving I, working II and unloading III chambers located one above the other, a hopper 11, an unloading conveyor, counter-cutting packages, gear decks 3, an electric motor 7 and a V-belt drive 9 equipped with a tension roller. To introduce liquid additives into the processed mass, two nozzles 4 are provided on the receiving and discharge chambers. The receiving and working chambers are connected by folding fasteners. The walls of the working chamber have six windows in which packages of counter-cutting knives and gear decks are installed [4, p29]. The windows are closed from the outside with casings 12.Chopper knives, which also serve as mixers, and hammers are placed in tiers on the rotor working body. At the bottom of the rotor, located in the unloading chamber, there is a two-blade slammer. Knives and hammers are placed in grooves between flanges mounted on the slots of the rotor head using special bolts and fingers [6, p200]. The package of counter-cutting knives is assembled on a shaft 14, hingedly mounted on a base 13, bolted to the body of the working chamber.

The base and the shaft bracket are connected by a spring, under the influence of which the counter-cutting knives enter the working chamber through the slots in the plate and are held in the working position by it.

If foreign inclusions enter the chamber, the hinge-spring fastening of the counter-cuts allows them to deflect without breaking and allow solid objects to pass through

Figure 3. Chopper-mixer ISK-10: 1 – frame; 2 – thrower; 3 – gear deck; 4 – nozzle; 5 – rotor; 6 – counter-cutting knife; 7 – electric motor;8 – gate; 9 – V-belt drive; 10 – tension roller; 11 – bunker of the unloading conveyor; 12 – casing; 13 – base; 14 – shaft; I - receiving chamber; II – grinding and mixing chamber; III – unloading chamber.

During operation of the chopper-mixer, feed is loaded into chamber 1 and enters the zone of interaction of the knives 6 of the upper tier with the cutting elements of the rotor 5, where they are partially crushed. Then the feed particles are entrained onto a smooth area of ​​the inner surface of the chamber and, under the influence of gravity, move somewhat downward in a spiral. On the path of their movement, the feed particles encounter toothed decks 3, and their speed decreases [7, p29]. The advantages of these machines are also: simplicity of design (there is only one rotating vertical auger); Possibility of loading the bunker from all sides.Great adaptability for processing roughage. However, compared to mixer-dispensers with horizontal augers, they consume 30-40% more energy, and require a gate height for moving of at least 2.3-2.7 m, and a slow feed passage of at least 2.4 m.

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