STUDY OF THE APPLICATION OF PROTEINS IN THE FIELD OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

In order to study the chemical structure of proteins, the possibilities of using them on an industrial scale with the help of methods of biological activity determination and methods of protein engineering were studied. On the basis of biotechnological approaches, scientific research is being conducted on the creation of modern technology using proteins in industry. Proteins are not only one of the foundations of modern biotechnology, but the application of developing physico-chemical methods is becoming a topical area today.

АННОТАЦИЯ

С целью изучения химической структуры белков изучались возможности их использования в промышленных масштабах с помощью методов определения биологической активности и методов белковой инженерии. На основе биотехнологических подходов ведутся научные исследования по созданию современных технологий использования белков в промышленности. Белки являются не только одной из основ современной биотехнологии, но и применение развивающихся физико-химических методов становится сегодня актуальной областью.

Keywords: expert, technical, toxic, control, synthesis, standard, viruses, experimental, proteins, structure, nitrogen, biotechnology, isomer.

Ключевые слова: экспертный, технический, токсический, контроль, синтез, эталон, вирусы, экспериментальный, белки, структура, азот, биотехнология, изомер.

Introduction. To determine the priorities for the development of biotechnology and the improvement of the country's biological safety system, to ensure the integration of science, education and production in these areas,  in order to develop the economy and social sphere on the basis of advanced biotechnologies, as well as to consistently implement the tasks defined in the state program for the implementation of the Development Strategy in the seven priority directions of the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan in 2022-2026:

• organizing the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of ensuring the country's economic and biological security;
• preparation, expert evaluation and review of recommendations and proposals aimed at protecting the population from the effects of dangerous biological factors and protecting the environment, preventing biological risks, creating and developing a biological risk monitoring system;
• development of effective measures for the practical implementation of measures aimed at ensuring the biological safety of the country;
• to ensure mutual cooperation of ministries, agencies, local state authorities, scientific research and educational institutions, civil society institutions in the performance of targeted tasks to ensure biological security of the country;

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 25, 2020 No. PQ-4899 "On comprehensive measures to develop biotechnologies and improve the system of ensuring biological safety of the country" SO 20387:2018 “Biotechnology. Storage of biological samples. General requirements for storage", ISO 20391-1:2018 Biotechnology - Cell counting - Part 1: General guidelines for cell counting methods", ISO 20391-2:2019 "Biotechnology - Cell counting - Part 2: Experimental design and statistical analysis to determine the parameters of the counting method", 

Ensuring the implementation of the provisions of the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxic weapons and their elimination; discussion of current issues and problems, including among the public, that are of significant national importance and arise during the implementation of measures to ensure the country's biological security.

Methodology. According to F. Crick, one of the founders of molecular biology, proteins are very important substances that can perform various functions very easily and delicately.

There are approximately 10,000,000 different proteins in nature, which support the functioning of 10,000 different living organisms, from viruses to humans. Today, the composition and structure of very few of the large number of naturally occurring proteins is clear

Each organism is characterized by its own set of proteins. The variety of phenolipic characters and functions is determined by the specificity of this protein, in most cases it has a multimolecular structure.

Determining the molecular weight of proteins by the method of sedimentation analysis is carried out in ultracentrifuges, where it is possible to create a centrifugal acceleration (g) of more than 200,000, i.e. higher than the force of gravity.

Usually, the molecular weight is calculated according to the sedimentation rate or sedimentation equilibrium of the protein molecule. During the movement of molecules from the center to the periphery, a sharp boundary is formed between the solvent and the protein (automatically detected). The optical properties of the solvent and protein are used to determine the sedimentation rate, and it is determined by the sedimentation constant S, which depends on the mass and shape of the protein particle:

The shape of protein molecules is determined by ultracentrifugation, X-ray structural analysis or electron microscopy. Analysis showed that protein molecules are asymmetric substances in all three dimensions. The charge of amino acids can be neutralized in a certain pH environment. This pH is called the isoelectric point of amino acids.

Table 1.

Isoelectric points of some proteins

So, at a certain pH value of the solution, the total charge of the protein molecule can remain neutral. This electroneutral state is the isoelectric state of the protein, and this pH value is called the isoelectric point (IEN) of the protein.

Result. Proteins are unstable at the isoelectric point and easily precipitate. But the protein does not settle by itself at the isoelectric point. For this, it is necessary to remove the water shell surrounding the protein molecule. Only then the protein molecules stick together, grow larger and slowly settle out of the solution.

Natural proteins are divided into 2 groups depending on the shape of the molecule: globular and fibrillar. The fibrillar protein molecule is thread-like, and its length is 100 times greater than its diameter.

Since proteins are optically active substances, they bend the plane of polarized light by a certain angle. Protein solutions have the ability to refract, scatter, and absorb ultraviolet rays.

Casein, the main protein of milk, also acts as a nutrient. Undoubtedly, the body uses a number of other proteins as a source of amino acids, which in turn are the precursors of biologically active substances that control the metabolism.

Proteins make up 70-80% of the dry mass of muscles, lungs, spleen, and kidneys, and 45% of the dry weight of the human body. Unlike animal tissues, proteins are stored less in plants.

Conclusion In addition to the growing demand for food products, the demand for protein-rich products is also increasing, and the field of production of high-quality biotechnological products is also developing.

On the basis of biotechnological approaches, scientific research is also being conducted on the creation of modern technology using proteins in industry. Many innovations are being created in the study of the structure, function and engineering of proteins, the chemical structure of living matter.

References:

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