USE OF HYDROGELS IN SAVING THE WATER LIFE RESOURCE

ABSTRACT

Hydrogel was obtained using several chemical substances available in our country such as starch, polyacryl, dichlorohydrin, hippan, acrylinite, urea, acrylic acid. Then, hydrogel swelling was tabulated in mg and water absorption in ml. The IR spectrum of the hydrogel was obtained and analyzed. The IR spectrum of the hydrogel was inflated and analyzed. The use of synthetic materials in the synthesis of highly swellable hydrogels using natural polysaccharides, starch and minerals reduces the cost of hydrogels, increases their productivity in apples, wheat, barley and cotton, and at the end of their useful life they do not remain as waste, but instead act as mineral fertilizers for the soil. In order to add bentonite, kaolin and acrylamide to the hydrogel synthesis process, montmorillonite minerals improved mechanical strength, water absorption and water return, saving time needed for plants. Hydrogels improve water consumption by 25% in apples, wheat, barley and cotton, and a 12% hydrogel is recommended for use in agriculture to achieve effective results. Implementation of hydrogels based on starch, vinyl monomers, various minerals and binders on apple, wheat, barley and cotton fields of Surkhandarya allows to increase productivity by 15-20% and save water by 5-45%. Finally, hydrogel farming is concluded with its importance in plants.

АННОТАЦИЯ

 Гидрогель был получен с использованием нескольких доступных в нашей стране химических веществ, таких как крахмал, полиакрил, дихлоргидрин, гиппан, акрилинит, мочевина, акриловая кислота. Затем набухание гидрогеля выражали в мг и водопоглощение в мл. Был получен и проанализирован ИК-спектр гидрогеля. ИК-спектр гидрогеля раздували и анализировали. Использование синтетических материалов при синтезе сильнонабухающих гидрогелей с использованием природных полисахаридов, крахмала и минеральных веществ снижает стоимость гидрогелей, повышает их продуктивность при выращивании яблок, пшеницы, ячменя и хлопка, а к концу срока эксплуатации они не остаются в прежнем виде. отходы, а вместо этого действуют как минеральные удобрения для почвы. Чтобы добавить бентонит, каолин и акриламид в процесс синтеза гидрогеля, минералы монтмориллонита улучшают механическую прочность, водопоглощение и возврат воды, экономя время, необходимое для растений. Гидрогели улучшают потребление воды на 25% при выращивании яблок, пшеницы, ячменя и хлопка, а 12%-ный гидрогель рекомендуется использовать в сельском хозяйстве для достижения эффективных результатов. Внедрение гидрогелей на основе крахмала, виниловых мономеров, различных минералов и связующих на яблоневых, пшеничных, ячменных и хлопковых полях Сурхандарьинской области позволяет повысить урожайность на 15-20% и сэкономить воду на 5-45%. Наконец, выращивание гидрогеля подтверждает его важность для растений.

Keywords: Starch, acrylamide, acrylic acid, montmorlonite, superabsorbent hydrogel,  initiator, polysaccharides

Ключевые слова: Крахмал, акриламид, акриловая кислота, монтморлонит, суперабсорбирующий гидрогель, инициатор, полисахариды.

"Strategy of actions on five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021", approved by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-4947, adopted on February 7, 2017, and "Development of irrigation and reclamation of irrigated land during 2018-2019" dated November 27, 2017 According to the decisions of PQ-3405 "On Improvement Measures", the main tasks are to further improve the meliorization of irrigated lands, to introduce intensive methods into the field of agricultural production, and above all, modern agrotechnologies that save water resources [1]. Therefore, soils can be shallow or deep saline depending on the location of salts in the soil profile. The main distribution areas of saline soils are steppe and semi-steppe regions of subareal and subtropical regions. The area of saline soils on the globe is 69.8 million hectares, and the area of all saline soils is 240 million hectares. The total land area of Surkhandarya region is 2,099 mln. is a hectare. The total irrigated land is 324.6 thousand hectares. Of this, 281.2 thousand hectares are cultivated. There are also irrigated lands without cultivation of agricultural crops. For example, flower beds, decorative trees, hay fields, etc. Cultivated land is also divided into two. The first is irrigated arable land (281.2 thousand) and dry land - 39.0 thousand hectares [2]. The area of irrigated land is distributed by district of Surkhandarya region as follows: the most irrigated land belongs to Muzrabod, Sherabad, Denov, Kyziriq, Kumkurgan, Jarkurgan districts. With the increase of irrigated lands, the number of canals and ditches increases, ditches are dug to reduce the salinity of saline lands. Zovur waters also flow into the Surkhandarya, and a part of them into the Amudarya, and the rivers affect the water hydrochemistry [3]. Sherabad and Zang canals were built to irrigate newly developed lands on the lower right bank along the Surkhandarya stream. Both these canals start from Surkhandarya and are used to irrigate the lands in the lower part of Surkhandarya and Sherabad rivers. Water as a source of life can only be fully imagined in hot and very hot, dry climates. As the saying goes, where water appears, life begins there, and where water ends, life ends. Therefore, since ancient times, the spirit of respecting water, honoring it, not allowing it to be wasted and polluted prevailed in our country. At the same time, proverbs such as "be like water", "the water that flows in front of you has no value" served in certain conditions and times. In the basin of the Aral Sea, about 30 mln. population is 7.3 million. has irrigated land. The irrigable land area in the basin is 60 mln. hectare, the available water resources are 10 mln. enough to irrigate a hectare of land. One of the life support factors in the Aral Sea basin is the scientific use of water resources. In recent years, a lot of attention is being paid to the rational use of water resources and nature protection in our country. The depletion of water resources in a number of regions, the fate of rivers, lakes, and inland basins are causing serious concern. Current water problems are known to be insufficiently scientifically based.[4] It is known that for thousands of years, our ancestors considered water sacred, respected it, used it wisely, and freely used the water from the stream as drinking water. Later, as a result of the development of industry and agriculture, due to the use of various chemicals, clean drinking water became unfit. As a result, state control of water and water use has become not only necessary, but also necessary. This means that it is necessary to pay special attention to the identification of sources of drinking water pollution and the development of effective methods of their neutralization, and it is one of the urgent problems of today [5, 3]. 95% of the water consumed in Uzbekistan comes from rivers and streams. Many irrigation networks and permanent pumping stations were built in order to supply water to consumers in a timely manner and in the required amount.

The agriculture of our republic is based on irrigation farming. In the water industry, there are 75 large canals with a total water consumption of more than 2,500 cubic meters per second, 55 reservoirs with a total volume of 19.8 cubic meters and 32, 4 thousand kilometers of agricultural inter-channels, 4,889 pumping units, 1,479 permanent pumping stations, 10,180 vertical there are drainage and drainage wells, 30,4 thousand kilometers of inter-farm collectors [6].

The year-by-year increase in the world's population is creating new, never-before-seen problems. Another such urgent problem is drinking water. On the surface, water on our planet seems to be endless. But in fact it is not so. If all water reserves in the world are 1,500 million cubic km, 94% of it is ocean and sea water. Only 6 percent of water reserves are underground water and glaciers. The world's potable water is only 0.0221% of all water resources, as it can be seen, the problem of drinking water is on the agenda as one of the most pressing problems in the world [7].

In the following decades, the processes related to the emergence of new types of scientific and technical technologies, the reconstruction of existing technologies and their technical re-equipment, and the radical change of the processes of synthesizing a number of monomers and polymers are also being implemented. [8; pp. 38-102].

In order to obtain a hydrogel from starch, it is necessary to modify it. There are many types of chemical modification, the most optimal method of which is polymerization of vinyl monomers and starch, in which we can use acrylic and acrylamide. The hydrogel obtained on the basis of these is characterized by good water absorption and low cost.[9] It was found that hydrogel contains several chemical substances such as starch, polyacrylic, dichlorohydrin, hippan, acrylinite, urea, acrylic acid available in our country. 16 g of polyacrylic is dissolved in 150 ml of water. Then methylenebisacrylamide, acrylamide, potassium persulfate and bentanite are added and mixed, the temperature is gradually increased to 70⁰ C. The reaction is continued slowly for two and a half hours. After this process, the etching is hydrolyzed in a 1% solution of sodium at a temperature of 80⁰ C for two hours. At the end of the experiment, it is treated by washing in water and dried in a drying oven. Any iodine is placed in special plastic bags to protect it from objects or moisture. The resulting hydrogel is naturally non-toxic and does not have any adverse effects on living organisms. It absorbs atmospheric water, including rain and snow. Hydrogel has the ability to absorb and retain water several tens of times more than its weight.

Figure 1. IR spectra of hydrogel

(Figure 1) Hydrogel IR According to hydrogel IR spectra, the obtained product corresponds to the observed peak at 2927 cm^-1. SO-N is a potassium salt of polyphosphoric acid and an extension of polyvinyl acetate, a C = O extension of the unit of potassium salt of polyphosphoric acid and polyvinyl acetate in the superabsorbent at 1654 cm^-1. The absorption peak associated with the OH- group of polyvinyl acetate changed from 2927 cm^-1 to 1654 cm^-1 after the reaction. The absorption peak at 1544 cm^-1 associated with starch has changed, which indicates the change of the OH group in starch during the reaction.spectra. The above results showed that the characteristic absorption peak of OH and –CONH₂ groups in starch changed after the copolymerization reaction.

Figure 2. Dry hydrogel Hydrogel soaked in water

According to the IR spectra of the dry and water-soluble hydrogel, the obtained product corresponds to the observed peak at 3336 cm^-1. SO-N is the potassium salt of polyphosphoric acid and the = O extension of polyvinyl acetate, 2902 cm^-1 and polyvinyl acetate in superabsorbent. The absorption peak associated with OH- bentonite group changed from 3600 to 3400-3200 cm^-1 after the reaction. The absorption peak at 1190 cm^-1 associated with starch was shifted, indicating the change of the OH group in starch during the reaction. The absorption peaks at 3207, 2348 and 1026 cm^-1 of hydrogels wetted with water – CONH₂ and –SO₂ also change during the reaction. A new peak appears at 1403 cm^-1 belonging to the group The above results showed that the characteristic absorption peak of OH and –CONH₂ groups in starch changed after the copolymerization reaction.

Differential scanning calorimetric. Absence of drastic weight loss of the starch-based hydrogel was proven by differential scanning calorimetric analysis. Weight loss above 70⁰ C begins in three stages. The first stage occurs at a temperature of 70⁰ C -198⁰ C at a rate of 11.07%/min, the second stage at a rate of 198⁰ C -378⁰ C at a rate of 8.28%/min and the third at a rate of -320⁰ C -378⁰ C at a rate of 3.71%/min. with decay. Tests have shown that weight loss at temperatures above 70°C occurs due to the low moisture content of the hydrogel. And at temperatures above 378⁰ C - as a result of the decomposition of amino acids in the polymer. It can be seen that there are two weight losses, the first of which takes place at a temperature of 70-198°C at a rate of 12.11% min and the second stage at a temperature of 378⁰C -500°C.

Figure 3. Differential scanning calorimetry

The obtained hydrogels were tested on farms. For this, 1 hectare of land was allocated from the farm area, and all natural environmental factors were the same. The territory is divided into two parts. In the first part, cotton seeds were planted and hydrogel was used, and in the second part - for covering - seeds without hydrogels. Initially. After 12 hours of soaking the seeds traditionally, the cotton seeds are removed from the water container. Then 50 kg of hydrogel powder mixed with organic fertilizers is applied to wet seeds. The powder hydrogel formed a coating on the surface of the wet seeds. Prepared seeds are sown using conventional methods. During the experiment, we studied the possibility of using water, mineral fertilizers and agrotechnical resources, as well as plant growth; changes in its yield, reduction of soil hardening due to the effect. Experimental observations showed that 90-95% of the seeds germinated in the field of hydrogel application were covered with dark blue leaves formed in 6-9. The following was observed in the soil without hydrogel addition: seeds germinated in 9-12 days, yield was 80-90%, leaves were yellowish green. The above confirms the use of hydrogel, the effectiveness of germination and, most importantly, healthy seedlings (light green), shortens the time of cotton picking and increases its yield. Due to the small amount of hydrogel used, cotton fields gave very effective results and successfully passed the tests.

 Table 1.

Hydrogel sorption in water sources

Figure 4. Hydrogel sorption in water sources

In the experiment, the amount consumed for 100% sorption of various hydrogels in distilled, rain and ditch water was determined. Accordingly, in the first variant, complete sorption was observed when 1 g of hydrogel was added to 150 ml of distilled water with a neutral pH of 7. 2 g of hydrogel was used in water with a pH of 8.5 in rainwater with a pH of 7. the optimal hydrogel concentration in relation to the amount of water was determined. When adding 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g of hydrogel to 150 ml of water, thick gels were formed from 100% sorption to 160% (Table I). . [10; 38439-448b.]

Figure 5. Application of hydrogels.mm(4 pictures) Application of hydrogels.

Conclusion: 1. 50 kg of hydrogel was used, derived from rice starch, vinyl monomers, minerals and minerals and fertilizers. The purpose of the experiment was to study the use of hydrogels. Rice starch, vinyl monomers, mineral fertilizers and potential effects, increase plant growth and productivity. 2. During the research, moisture retention of apple, cotton, wheat and barley plants was studied (85% seed germination and grass germination, 75% leaf formation, branching, 75% seed filling and 65% during ripening). As a result of the research During the experiment, we studied the availability of water, mineral fertilizers and agrotechnical resources, as well as plant growth; changes in its productivity, reduction of soil hardening due to the effect hydrogel. field tested hydrogels and observed growth results. Increased productivity due to low losses was confirmed.

Figure 6. Processes and application of hydrogen swelling

3. Cotton flower in wheat, barley plants using hydrogel and as a result high productivity (up to 46-48). Experimental observations showed that 90-95% of the seeds germinated in the field of hydrogel application formed in 7-9 days with dark blue leaves. The following pattern was observed in the soil without hydrogel: the seeds germinated in 9-12 days, the yield was 85-90%, the leaves were yellowish green. The above confirms the use of hydrogel, it increases the efficiency of germination and, most importantly, the seedlings come out healthy (light green), shortens the time of picking cotton and increases its yield. Due to the small amount of hydrogel used, the cotton fields gave very effective results and passed the tests.

4. Due to the small amount of hydrogel used, apple, cotton, wheat, barley fields gave very effective results and successfully passed the tests. As a result, it was observed that the experimental batches for apple, wheat, barley and cotton significantly reduced soil moisture retention and consumption of water and mineral fertilizers. During the experiment, we studied the availability of water, mineral fertilizers and agrotechnical resources, as well as plant growth; changes in its productivity, reduction of soil hardening due to the effect, depending on the hydrogel were studied.

5. As a result of scientific research conducted on wheat, barley and cotton. The use of synthetic substances starch and minerals in the synthesis of highly swelling hydrogels, using natural polysaccharides, reduces the cost of hydrogels, increases their productivity in apples, wheat, barley and cotton, and at the end of their useful life they do not remain as waste, on the contrary, they manifest themselves as mineral fertilizers for the soil.

6.. In order to add bentonite, kaolin and acrylamide to hydrogel synthesis, montmorillonite minerals improved mechanical strength, water absorption and water return, saving the necessary time for plants. Hydrogels improve water consumption in apples, wheat, barley and cotton by 25%, and compared to 12%, hydrogels are recommended for use in agriculture to achieve effective results.

7. Implementation of hydrogels based on starch, vinyl monomers, various minerals and binders on apple, wheat, barley and cotton fields in Surkhandarya allows to increase productivity by 15-20% and save water by 20-25%.

Hydrogels" synthesized by the scientists of our republic for the purpose of saving water are synthetic polymers that swell in water, swell due to the moisture content of the soil and have the property of storing water for a long time. When we conducted experiments in the regions mentioned above and when hydrogels were used, it was observed that the plants were much more productive and the incidence of diseases was much less. Due to this, the hydrogel has reduced the consumption of fertilizers by providing water absorption. The obtained hydrogel saves water up to 3-35%, mineral fertilizers up to 2.5 times, increases the share of oil up to 30%. Hydrogels are widely used in medicine.

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3. Lev V.T. and others "Practical exercises on irrigated farming and agricultural reclamation" T.2014. 144 p
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