METHOD OF EXECUTIVE SHOOTING AND ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENTS IN LINEAR CONSTRUCTIONS

ABSTRACT

In this article, in the process of construction of linear objects, executive surveys are carried out to determine all deviations from the project, as well as the actual coordinates and heights of the constructed objects. Executive surveys are carried out during the construction process, after the completion of some of its stages, and the accuracy of geodetic equipment and the accuracy of the route project are shown in order to control the compliance of the finished structure with plan-elevation surveys in the fastest, most effective and prospective way.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье в процессе строительства линейных объектов проводятся исполнительные изыскания для определения всех отклонений от проекта, а также фактических координат и высот построенных объектов. Исполнительные изыскания проводятся в процессе строительства, после завершения некоторых его этапов, а также показывается точность геодезического оборудования и точность проекта трассы с целью контроля соответствия готового сооружения план-фасадным съемкам в самый быстрый, эффективный и перспективный путь.

Keywords: Executive survey, tacheometric survey, leveling, tracing, topographic survey, GPS-system.

Ключевые слова: исполнительная съемка, тахеометрическая съемка, нивелировка, трассировка, топографическая съемка, GPS-система.

Executive drawings are made based on the construction planning geodetic basis. In geodetic control, relative heights, distances and angles are measured relative to reference axes and levels, the results of measurements are recorded in special records. As a result of the performed geodetic control measurements, deviations of the constructed structure and its parts from the design are determined, measures are taken to eliminate the identified deficiencies, it is decided to continue the construction work, or the finished object is accepted with an appropriate assessment of the construction quality.

In the course of construction, all deviations from the allowed project, as well as the actual coordinates and heights of the built objects, are carried out. Executive drawings are carried out during the construction process, after the completion of some of its stages, and are completed with plan-elevation drawings of the finished structure.

The geodetic basis of executive survey serves as:

1. On the border of the construction area - points of the planning base or survey base, points of additional polygonometry and level roads;

2. On the edge of the construction site - geodetic base points established during the search process for surveying and alignment works, as well as specially established plan and elevation survey networks.

Regulatory requirements must be followed to perform executive shooting. In addition, the accuracy of construction of the basis of the executive drawing is shown to be 2-3 times higher according to the instruction [2]. Based on this, in order to calculate the accuracy of geodetic measurements, it is necessary to take 0.1 m for the finite error of determining the planned position of the road axis and the points of the road. In order to provide measurements with such accuracy from two adjacent points of the theodolite path, their mutual plane position should be found twice more accurately than 0.1 m, that is, with an accuracy of 0.05 m. If we take the average length of the side of the theodolite road as S=200 m, the relative error of its measurement should not exceed . This corresponds to level 2 polygonometry, or it is necessary to build a theodolite road with increased accuracy, and this road should be connected to network points with a higher level of accuracy than itself, that is, level 1 polygonometry or triangulation points [1].

The executive drawing is carried out in order to verify the accuracy of moving the road project to the place and the limitations allowed from the project during the construction work, as well as the correctness of the dimensions of the construction parts. The executive survey is related to the completion of individual stages in the construction process and is completed with the completion of the final plan - elevation survey [2].

The height of points is often determined by geometric leveling.

The accuracy of the geodetic base and surveying method should correspond to the accuracy of 1:500 scale executive plan on industrial and urban construction sites, and 1:1000 and 1:2000 scale surveys on construction sites of other objects. The polar method is mainly used in the executive photography of the road surface. In this case, the location of the picket point on the road axis is found by measuring the angle b calculated from the main point of the survey or the points of polygonometry, and setting the distance S in the direction of the polygon. Angle b and distance S are found by solving a known inverse geodesic problem.

The following errors affect the accuracy of finding the location of a point (picket) in this method:

1) error of constructing the project angle β value in place  ;

2) reduction errors of centering the tool on the point and turning the tube  and ;

3) project distance measurement error ;

4) geodetic base error.

Taking into account that the considered sources of errors are not related to each other, the general error of determining the position of a point plan in the polar method is equal to the following.

For example, we find =0.05 m when S=200 m, taking the root mean square error of measuring the distance on a steel strip as 1:4000; =5'' for T5 theodolite; ,  - since the value of errors is small, we find them from the formula (2.20) without taking them into account.

accordingly =0.05 м.

If the polar measurement is performed on an electronic tachyometer  =2'', =7 mm = 0.007 m according to the above formula (2.20)

according to which it was =7 mm.

Figure 1 shows the method of carrying out the executive survey in the polar method, which is seen as an example of PK10 and PK11 in the range of 7-8 stations. Accordingly, by entering the coordinates (x, u and h) of the planned road into the electronic total station, the electronic total station is installed at the 7th station and oriented to the 8th point, and the rest of the points are found automatically.

Figure 1. Executive drawing of the station

In conclusion, it should be noted that the mean square error of determining the position of a point in the polar method is equal to the mean square error of measuring the polar distance. Therefore, the use of modern geodetic devices in the works of reconstruction of collector-drainage networks of executive roads not only creates great convenience, but also saves time (40-50%), reduces labor force and increases work efficiency.

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