SCENARIO FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME FOR TRANSPORTING THE ROCK MASS OF DEEP QUARRIES IN PLAN AND DEPTH

ABSTRACT

They are considering the possibility of changing the parameters of equipment for solving problems related to the cargo flow of a mining enterprise in deep quarries, since the volume of work performed on extraction and opening increases due to increasing the productivity of the quarry. In deep quarries with a depth of up to 600 m, exploitation and transportation are one of the main tasks. Maintaining the continuity of mining operations in the transport part can give the logistics management of the cargo flow of a deep quarry. To date, worldwide differences in technological transport schemes by operating enterprises will mainly continue to use existing modes of transport with the introduction of new transport systems on certain sections of the quarry, mainly on deep horizons. Secondly, more modern ones are used. In this regard, there is a need to carry out scientific research on modeling the operation of heavy-duty road transport taking into account its indicators, to study the influence of the parameters of a deep quarry on the choice of technological schemes for transporting rock mass, to develop effective ways of managing the working area.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Рассматривают возможность изменения параметров оборудования для решения задач, связанных с грузопотоком горнодобывающего предприятия в глубоких карьерах, поскольку объем выполняемых работ по добыче и вскрытию увеличивается за счет повышения производительности карьера. В глубоких карьерах глубиной до 600 м добыча и транспортировка являются одной из основных задач. Обеспечение непрерывности горных работ в транспортной части может дать логистическое управление грузопотоком глубокого карьера. На сегодняшний день мировые различия в технологических схемах перевозок действующими предприятиями будут в основном продолжать использовать существующие виды транспорта с внедрением новых транспортных систем на отдельных участках карьера, преимущественно на глубоких горизонтах. Во-вторых, используются более современные. В связи с этим возникает необходимость проведения научных исследований по моделированию работы большегрузного автомобильного транспорта с учетом его показателей, изучения влияния параметров глубокого карьера на выбор технологических схем транспортировки горной массы, разработать эффективные способы управления рабочей зоной.

Keywords:  open pit, transport equipment, indicators of technological transport, deep pits, dump trucks, transporting rock mass, quarry, transport, energy intensity, calculation, calculation, process, method, trucking, assessment, loading, unloading, maneuver, period, waiting, mining.

Ключевые слова: карьер, транспортное оборудование, показатели технологического транспорта, глубокие карьеры, самосвалы, транспортировка горной массы, карьер, транспорт, энергоемкость, расчет, расчет, процесс, метод, автоперевозка, оценка, погрузка, разгрузка, маневр, период, ожидание, добыча полезных ископаемых.

The purpose of the study is to develop a rational technological scheme for transporting rock mass during the development of deep quarries.

The object of study is deep quarries with steeply dipping ore bodies.

Research objectives:

• Research the relationship between the performance indicators of technological transport and the mining and technical conditions of the quarry.

• Research into the influence of the volume of rock mass extracted from the quarry depending on the mining and transport equipment used.
• Determination of standard sizes and models of equipment used by reducing the width of working platforms and increasing the angles of repose of the working and non-working sides[1].

The relevance and relevance of the research, the purpose and objectives of the research are substantiated, the object and subject are characterized, the correspondence of the research with the priority directions of the development of science and technology of the republic is shown, the scientific novelty and practical results of the research are presented, the scientific and practical significance of the results obtained, the implementation of the research results in practice are revealed[2].

According to the design decisions "Working out of the pit" Muruntau V turn " working out of the pit is provided from the center to the flanks, which determines the placement of ore sites in the excavation units mainly from the side of the workedout space of the pit (figure1).

Figure 1. Muruntau Deep Pit

2. Methods

To compensate for the constantly occurring specified heterogeneity and uneven production volumes from the quarry, technological intensification of the marginal part of the quarry is carried out, followed by putting the sides of the quarry in the design position[3].

Significantly restricts maneuvers in the spatial organization of mining development, creating technological unevenness and heterogeneity of the ore flow from the quarry production (stochastic flow of the mining process).

An intensive increase in the depth of open-pit mining requirea study of the influence of mining conditions in quarries on the performance of technological vehicles. In this case, the indicator of the depth of open pits is decisive. The given actual indicators of the mining conditions of the Muruntau open pit made it possible to obtain a graphical interpretation of the indicators of technological transport with the depth of the open pit[4].

The processing of the obtained data made it possible to obtain dependencies that indicate a constant deterioration in the mining technical conditions for the operation of technological transport, accompanied by an increase in the distance of transportation and an increase in the height of the rock mass from the lower zones of the quarry[5].

3. Results and discussion

An analysis of the increase in the depth of open pits showed that as they develop, the distance of transportation and the height of the rock mass rise increase. At the same time, the situation is complicated by the fact that mineral deposits that are complex in terms of their qualitative composition and geological structure are involved in the development. It should be noted that the growth in ore mining and the decline in the volume of mined rock mass led to the complication of mining conditions in the quarry. When ore is mined from deep open pits (the open pit is more than 600 m deep) and the largest possible volumes of rock mass movement per year of mining, the work on their transportation increases significantly[6].

The profitability of the open pit mining in its lower zones is ensured with the right choice of mining and transport equipment, opening, as well as the stability parameters of the open pit walls. During the development of the Muruntau quarry, several rational innovations were implemented that were aimed at optimizing mining operations and reducing costs: the use of cyclic-flow technology; use of dump trucks with a carrying capacity from 27 tons to 40, 75, 130, 180, 220 tons for moving quarry cargo; with electric excavators with buckets with a capacity of 4 to 12 m³, as well as hydraulic excavators with a capacity of 15 to 20 m³; application of steeply inclined KNK conveyors[7].

For the conditions of the Muruntau quarry, the tracks of dump trucks with an average transportation distance of 3.73 km are characterized by a high weighted average slope of 6.1%, high complexity up to 3-4 turns per 1 km with a radius of 30m.

When using dump trucks as an independent (main) mode of transport, an important direction of energy saving is to increase the slopes of roads. In the technological aspect, the use of elevated gradients allows to reduce the additional spacing of pit from placing transport and communications, in energy – increase of slope in a certain range reduces the consumption of diesel fuel for the transport cycle[8].

It should be noted that the main problems and limitations of ore reserves completion within the boundaries of the fourth stage of the quarry are the narrowed working space (20-30m) in the mining areas of the quarry. In the period 2020-2023, the use of heavy-duty dump trucks with a load capacity of more than 213-220tons and with a width of at least 7.6 m will be required to work out these sections with a given rate of deepening (table1, 2).

Table 1.

Parameters of heavy-duty dump trucks on the lower horizons.

Table 2.

Below are the parameters of heavy-duty dump trucks

It is known that the volume of the quarry, the current and average extraction ratio depend on the selected dump truck. In this regard, in order to select mining and transport equipment for the conditions of the deposit, studies and calculations of the volumes of extracted rock mass were carried out, dependences of the influence on certain sections of the wall of the Muruntau quarry were established[9].

The increase in the volume of the open pit with a change in the carrying capacity used when moving the rock mass by a dump truck depends on the angle of slope of the sides of the open pit

For the conditions of the Muruntau quarry during its development in plan and depth, it is established that with an increase in depth, the transition and introduction of dump trucks with a lifting capacity of 180-220 tons during the technical re-equipment of the excavator-automobile complex will improve its management system.

The meaning of this technology is the application of engineering technique, which is performed using only hydraulic excavators and dump trucks with an overall width of not more than 7.6 m for sinking time of congresses and split tranches requires only 20 m (at the base of the soles), and using dump trucks overall width of 8.4 m requires that the width of the bottom on the sole was not less than 35m[10].

Figure 2. Deep pit boundary with transport berms of different widths:

1-quarry boundary with a narrow transport berm; 2-quarry fenders with a wide transport berm; 3-additionally extracted volume of quarry rocks with an increase in the width of the berms

According to its intended purpose, the transport berm serves to accommodate transport routes connecting the working platforms of ledges with capital trenches. The width of the transport berm is determined by the type of transport used, the intensity of the rock mass traffic along it, etc. A transport berm connecting several ledges is called a connecting berm. Part of the upper platform of the ledge with a width equal to the base of the collapse prism is called a safety berm, while equipment, transport routes, power lines are placed outside the safety berm.

A safety berm is necessary to increase stability and reduce the angle of slope of the pit wall and to protect the located lower ledges from accidental falling of rock pieces. The safety berm is usually at least wide enough to accommodate equipment on the berm for the purpose of loading and handling rolled rock[11].

Studies have established that such a factor as the overall dimensions of a dump truck is not taken into account well, and it is this factor that determines the width of the transport berm, which in turn affects the design of the side of a deep pit and, accordingly, the volume of extracted rock mass

This circumstance has the following explanation. The "Muruntau" quarry is unique in its mining, geological and climatic conditions, it is characterized by large volumes of rock mass production, which requires the operation of mountain transport in difficult and stressful conditions. According to the design decisions, the depth of the Muruntau quarry will reach 1000 meters, which in turn will increase the degree of slope of roads and increase the dynamic load on dump trucks by 2 times. Further development of the V stage of the Muruntau quarry will be accompanied by its deepening and at the same time it is possible to achieve efficiency in the operation of dump trucks only at the expense of dump trucks with electric-mechanical transmission[12].

4. Conclusions

The operation of dump trucks in the Muruntau quarryand experience of operation of dump trucks in the Muruntau quarry shows the efficiency of operation of dump trucks with hydro-mechanical transmission at an average lifting height of up to 130 meters. Their use at elevations of more than 130 meters leads to a decrease in the average technical speed of movement, which is expressed in a decrease in production. The electromechanical transmission has a higher efficiency of transferring power from the engine to the tires due to fewer rubbing and rotating parts, which lead to losses of transmitted power. Also, gear changes in the hydro-mechanical transmission lead to losses, since at the moment of switching there is a break in the power flow transmitted to the rear wheels, while in the electromechanical transmission there is no break in the power flow. On average, the efficiency of an electromechanical transmission when transmitting power is 97% compared to 90% for a hydro-mechanical one.

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