OBTAINING METAL-CONTAINING ORGANIC LUBRICATING OILS AND STUDYING THEIR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT

Са, Na, Li lubricants - lubrication materials were synthesized. It was found that soap- and oil-inseparable systems for Sa-lubricants can be obtained by introducing Са, (ON)₂ in excess of the stoichiometric value, and depending on the method of obtaining lubricants, the amount of oil in the soap base is 50%, 75%, 100%, and the saponifiable components content is selected. An increase in the soap:oil molar ratio from 10:90 to 25:75 led to an improvement in the volume-mechanical properties of Са, Na, Li lubricants. The influence of temperature on the reaction yield and the effect of thickener concentration on the properties of lubricants and the ratio of Са, Na, Li soap and oil on the properties of lubricants were studied in the preparation of soap with Са, Na, Li. The possibility of using regenerated motor oils as a dispersion medium for plastic lubricants was studied. As part of the dispersion medium, replacement of 40% of new oil in hydrated calcium and 20% of lithium oils with used motor oils has been shown to provide quality indicators not inferior to Litol-24 and Solidol J thrust lubricants.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Смазки Са, Na, Li - синтезированы смазочные материалы. Установлено, что мыло- и маслонеразделимые системы для Sa-смазок можно получить введением Са,(ОН)2 сверх стехиометрического значения, а в зависимости от способа получения смазок количество масла в мыльной основе составляет 50%, 75%, 100%, и выбирают содержание омыляемых компонентов. Увеличение мольного соотношения мыло:масло с 10:90 до 25:75 привело к улучшению объемно-механических свойств смазок Са, Na, Li. При приготовлении мыла с Са, Na, Li изучено влияние температуры на выход реакции, влияние концентрации загустителя на свойства смазок и соотношения Са, Na, Li-мыла и масла на свойства смазок. Изучена возможность использования регенерированных моторных масел в качестве дисперсионной среды пластичных смазок. Показано, что в составе дисперсионной среды замена 40% нового масла на гидрокальциевом и 20% литиевого масел на отработанные моторные масла обеспечивает качественные показатели, не уступающие тяговым смазкам Литол-24 и Солидол J.

Keywords: LiSt, soap-oil solution, NaOH, Sodium Lubricant, Calcium Lubricant, СаSt, Homogenization, Са, Na, Li, Lithium Lubricant, Litol-24 and Solidol J Lubricant.

Ключевые слова: LiSt, мыльно-масляный раствор, NaOH, натриевая смазка, кальциевая смазка, СаSt, гомогенизация, Са, Na, Li, литиевая смазка, Литол-24 и смазка Солидол J.

Introduction. All brands of Surkov lubricants are basically the same with the mechanism of the saponification reaction. [1]. Fuel-lubricants (abbreviated fuel-lubricants) is a general name for types of fuels used as fuels, lubricants and special liquids. It is used for internal combustion engines, as well as in technical units to reduce the effect of friction [2]. The majority of liquid fuels are obtained by direct distillation of petroleum or chemical distillation of petroleum. Other minerals and plants can also be a source of fuel. Special additives are used to improve the quality of gasoline or diesel fuel, as well as to reduce carbon formation. Lubricants include substances used to lubricate machinery, delivered in the form of liquid oils or greases [3].

Oils are divided into groups according to the following characteristics: origin or raw material for production; external condition. Depending on their origin or raw material, there are: lubricants: [4].

- mineral or oil, is the main group of produced lubricating oils (more than 90%). They are obtained by refining the corresponding oil. According to the method of production, such materials are classified as distillate, residue, mixture or mixture [5].

Vegetable oils are obtained by processing the seeds of certain plants. Castor oil is most widely used in technology. Organic oils have superior lubricity and thermal stability compared to petroleum [6]. In this regard, they are often used in a mixture with oil; Synthetic, which is obtained from various raw materials in many ways (catalytic polymerization of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons of petroleum and non-petroleum raw materials; synthesis of synthetic silicon organic compounds, synthesis of polysilicones; production of fluorocarbon oils). Synthetic oils have all the necessary properties, but due to the high cost of production, they are used only in the most important friction units. According to the external condition, lubricants are divided into the following [7]: - liquid lubricating oils, liquid liquids under normal conditions (petroleum and vegetable oils); [8]. - conventional plastic or oil, lubricants in paste-like conditions (technical vaseline, oil, kostalin, oils, etc.). They are divided into antifriction, conservation, sealing and others [9].

Experience part. Lithium lubricating oils. The oil is obtained by thickening with pre-prepared LiSt and 12- LiOSt. 10% of the mass of air-dry soap was mixed in oil at 70-75°С. The mixture is heated with constant stirring until a soap-oil solution is formed (200-220°С). The resulting homogeneous (Odnorodnyy) solution is poured into a counter for cooling LiSt and 12- LiOSt for thrust lubricants, 10 mm and 30mm thick. After cooling for one day, the thrust lubricants were homogenized by passing through a 140 μm sieve. Total synthesis time is 2 hours. The content of free alkali in surkov lubricants was about 0.01-0.02% NaOH. For the production of sodium suric lubricants, the oil was placed in the reactor and heated to 70-75 ⁰С. HSt was loaded at this temperature. After dissolution with constant stirring, 40 % NaOH solution was added under low flow. During the synthesis process, saponification process was checked by phenolphthalein reaction. To remove soap, the apparatus was heated to 120-130 ⁰C. After that, heating was continued until a homogeneous soap-oil solution was obtained. At a temperature of 215-225 ⁰С, a layer of about 5 mm of the solution is poured into the anti-vein at room temperature. After cooling for a day, the surkov lubricant is passed through a 140 μm mesh sieve. The total time of preparation of surkov oil is about 2.5 hours. The mass fraction of the thickener is 15% free alkali 0.02-0.03% NaOH.

Calcium soap was added to oil at a temperature of 90-100°C to obtain calcium-based lubricating products. The mixture is heated with constant stirring until a soap-oil solution is formed (210-220⁰С). To cool the solution, it is poured into a counter at room temperature, covered with a layer of 10 mm and 30 mm for lubricants according to SaSt, respectively. After that, heating was continued until a homogeneous soap-oil solution was obtained. At a temperature of 210-220°С, the solution was poured into the anti-vein at room temperature in a layer of about 5 mm. After cooling for one day, the slurry was passed through a 140 µm sieve and homogenized. The total time for making Surkov oil was about 2.5 hours. The effect of temperature on the reaction yield was established in the production of Ca, Na, Li soap. The results showed that the yield of the saponification reaction is optimal for the reaction temperature of 95-105°С. The effect of temperature on the yield of the reaction in the production of soap (Ca, Na, Li) is shown in graphs (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. The influence of temperature on the reaction yield

All samples of surkov oils are prepared using the same technology. Homogenization was carried out at a temperature not higher than 50°С. The effect of the molar ratio of lithium soap and waste oil on the properties of the resulting lithium oils in the production of lithium lubrication products is presented in Table 1. A lubricant with a small amount of soap does not have high volumetric mechanical parameters (low tensile strength) and is characterized by a decrease in colloidal stability. When the mass ratio of lithium soap increases to 25%, the tensile strength and viscosity of the lubricant increase and the colloidal stability is improved. If the amount of soap in the lubricating oil is up to 25%, the rate of its fall is even higher. When the mass ratio of lithium soap is increased from 10% to 25%, the caplepadene temperature is gradually increased. Increasing the soap content from 20% to 25% does not significantly improve the dripping properties of the lithium oil.

Table 1.

Effect of mass ratio of lithium soap and oil

The method of obtaining sodium lubricant products, the dependence of the main characteristics of the lubricant on the mass ratio of sodium fatty acids and oils is presented in Table 2. The analysis of the obtained data shows that the mass ratio changes the main properties of the lubricant during the synthesis of thrust lubricants. Increasing the mass ratio of sodium soap to oil from 10:90 to 20:80 has a positive effect on the volume and mechanical properties of thrust lubricants: the final strength increases from 400 to 630 Pa at a temperature of 50⁰C. In 80⁰S, from 230 Pa to 265 Pa, the compressibility of oil decreases from 8.4% to 4.5%.

Table 2.

Effect of the molar ratio of sodium soap to oil on the properties of lubricants

Calcium grease was sampled using the same technology to investigate the possibility of obtaining fatty acid based calcium grease. The main characteristics of lubricants are presented in Table 3. The analysis of the obtained data shows that it changes the main properties of lubricants. Caplepadenia temperature and strength increase with the mass fraction of calcium soap. Increasing the mass ratio of calcium soap: oil from 10:90 to 20:80 has a positive effect on the volume and mechanical properties of lubricants, increases colloidal stability, and reduces pressability from 8.4% to 4.2%.

Table 3.

Effect of the molar ratio of calcium soap to oil on the properties of lubricants

Mechanical stability properties (thixotropic properties) of the studied lubricants deserve special attention. There is a relationship between the structure of fatty acids in saponifiable raw materials and the ability of lubricants to recover after structural damage. Comparative characteristics and the effect of thickener concentration on the physicochemical properties of thrust lubricants are presented in Table 4. A mass fraction of thickener between 15% and 20% affects performance in different ways. As the mass fraction of soap increases, the tensile strength, drop point (kaplepadenia) increases, and colloidal stability decreases. % (NaOH) not more than 0.02% in samples of free alkali lithium greases, not more than 0.12% in sodium grease, not more than 0.05% in calcium grease.

Table 4.

The influence of the thickener concentration on the physico-chemical properties of greases (lubricants) and comparative characteristics

Reactors equipped with scrubbers and stirrers (50-60 rpm) (meshalka) were used to obtain the slurry. Part of the oil and prepared soap (lithium, sodium, calcium) are poured into the reactor, and then heated to 110-120°С. At this temperature, the rest of the oil is loaded. The solution (rasplav) formed at a temperature of 210-230°C is poured into a container at room temperature in a layer of 20 mm. It is cooled for a day, then homogenized on a 140 μm sieve. The total preparation time of Surkov oil is about 2.5 hours. The following fatty acids were used in this work: stearic acid, oxystearic acid and oleic acid. The results showed that the stearic acid used is the best raw material for lithium lubricating oil.

Ca, Na, Li lubricants - lubrication materials were synthesized. Factors affecting the methods of regulation of volume-mechanical and physico-chemical properties of lubricants were determined. It was found that soap- and oil-inseparable systems for Sa-lubricants can be obtained by introducing Ca(ON)2 in excess of the stoichiometric value, and depending on the method of obtaining lubricants, the amount of oil in the soap base is 50%, 75%, 100%, and the saponifiable components content is selected. An increase in the soap:oil molar ratio from 10:90 to 25:75 led to an improvement in the volume-mechanical properties of Sa-, Na-Li-lubricants - lubrication lubricants. The influence of temperature on the reaction yield and the effect of thickener concentration on the properties of lubricants and the ratio of Сa, Na, Li soap and oil on the properties of lubricants were studied in the preparation of soap with Сa, Na, Li. The possibility of using regenerated motor oils as a dispersion medium for plastic lubricants was studied. As part of the dispersion medium, replacement of 40% of new oil in hydrated calcium and 20% of lithium oils with used motor oils has been shown to provide quality indicators not inferior to Litol-24 and Solidol J thrust lubricants.

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