A REVIEW OF MODERN RESEARCH ON THE COMPOSITION, TYPES AND INNOVATIONS OF CUTTING FLUIDS

ABSTRACT

Cutting fluids play a major role in metalworking operations. By using cutting fluids, tool wear can be reduced to a minimum level, the surface of the finished product can be protected from deformation, and productivity can be increased. These results are achieved through the special composition of cutting fluids with lubrication and cooling properties. Recently, according to the trend in the production of cutting fluids, the use of non-food vegetable oils instead of environmentally harmful petroleum-based oils is being widely promoted. In this article, we learned about cutting fluids and how important it is to use vegetable oils instead of petroleum-based oils.

АННОТАЦИЯ

СОЖ играют важную роль в металлообработке. При использовании смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей можно снизить износ инструмента до минимального уровня, защитить поверхность готового изделия от деформации, повысить производительность труда. Эти результаты достигаются за счет специального состава смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей, обладающих смазывающими и охлаждающими свойствами. В последнее время, в соответствии с тенденцией в производстве смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей, широко пропагандируется использование непищевых растительных масел вместо экологически вредных масел на нефтяной основе. В этой статье мы узнали о смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостях и о том, насколько важно использовать растительные масла вместо масел на нефтяной основе.

Keywords: Cutting fluids, petroleum-based oils, vegetable oils, emulsion, emulsifier, lubrication, coolant.

Ключевые слова: СОЖ, масла на нефтяной основе, растительные масла, эмульсия, эмульгатор, смазка, охлаждающая жидкость.

Introduction

A commonly used fluid in metalworking is known as a cutting fluid. These fluids, which are often used for cutting, are also called cooling water or metalworking fluids. Cutting fluid performs many functions and cooling the work tool and work surface is only one of these functions. Cutting fluids play a major role in the machining process because it also acts as a lubricant by reducing friction and reducing heat in the process. Although the performance of metalworking has been greatly improved as a result of the use of cutting fluids, traditional metal cutting fluids have recently become less and less attractive to industrial enterprises. Because ISO14000 modern environmental requirements are now turning into a heavy burden for the enterprises that use them. This creates an incentive to create cutting fluids with a new composition.

 Quality processing in metalworking processes depends on a number of factors; Continuous monitoring of the composition of the cutting fluids in use, the speed of the working tool, the grade of the metal being processed, etc. In the process of metal cutting (processing), petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, which are not diluted at all, are also used. These cutting oils have good lubricating properties, but their high fire hazard and very low cooling properties and the possibility of hazardous substances in the form of smoke or mist limit their use. Many scientists have found that low temperature and low speed cutting operations reduce the need for cutting oil.

A special feature of emulsified oils is the dispersion of oil droplets in water in the form of small particles. Therefore, by mixing the oil with emulsifiers, mainly anions and soaps, the water-stable emulsion is stabilized. A typical example of the composition of water-based degreasing fluids is as follows;

Base oil (mineral or vegetable) + emulsifier + additives

Figure 1. Scheme

Table 1.

Cutting fluid additives and their functions

An emulsifier is used to create a stable oil-in-water emulsion. Increasing the amount of emulsifier affects the increase in pH, kinematic viscosity and thermal conductivity. Decreasing the amount of emulsifier also affects the increase or decrease of fire and flash points. The fact that soluble oils have important properties comes from the stability of the emulsion, if cutting fluids in the form of an emulsion have high quality indicators, then they have a high degree of emulsion stability.

The cutting fluid concentrate should be stable for at least 6 months, that is, it should not separate.

Table 2.

Below shows the advantages and disadvantages of different types of cutting fluids

The presence of water and oil in the emulsion may cause bacteria and corrosion on the working surface. To prevent this, substances related to chlorine, phosphorus and sulfur are added to the emulsion. Semi-synthetic fluids contain a small amount of oil and other additives, for example, antioxidants and bio-oxide, corrosion inhibitor. One of the common characteristics of these semi-synthetic fluids, which are soluble synthetic cutting fluids, is less corrosion protection, lower lubricity and possible scratch damage to the working surface.

Summary

There are many types of cutting fluids that are used in the process of metal processing. A large number of them are produced every year to achieve a number of practical purposes. For example, cutting fluids prevent overheating of the tool, cool the workpiece, reduce surface deformation, prevent corrosion of the workpiece, prevent incorrect end results of machining results, and reduce power consumption. In conclusion, the right cutting fluid can reduce the number of unplanned shutdowns and increase the life of both the tool and the cutting fluid.Using mineral cutting fluids in the mechanical engineering industry, it is possible to obtain high-quality finished products. At the same time, the environmental problems associated with these mineral-based cutting fluids, including natural non-biodegradable and non-recyclable types, have caused serious concern in the research community and led to the renewal of research in this field and the replacement of mineral-based cutting fluids with vegetable oil-based representatives. gave a wide impetus to focus. Another difficulty in using environmentally friendly cutting fluids in processing is that most of these oils are consumed and often lead to competition between consumption in the food industry and its use in technical processes.

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