INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER MATERIALS USING MECHANO-ACTIVATED WOLLASTONITE FILLER FOR USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF LINOLEUM

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of research on the influence of physical and mechanical properties of filled polymer compositions based on rigid and flexible polyvinyl chloride, fine wollastonite for use in the production of polymer linoleum.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния физико-механических свойств наполненных полимерных композиций на основе жесткого и гибкого поливинилхлорида, тонкодисперсного волластонита для применения в производстве полимерных линолеумов.

Keywords: polyvinyl chloride, fine wollastonite, linoleum, strength, temperature, density, yield strength.

Ключовые слова: поливинилхлорид, тонкодисперсный волластонит, линолеум, прочность, температура, плотность, предел текучести.

Introduction. In world practice, research is widely carried out in the field of development and application in various industries of composite polymer and ceramic materials, the demand for which increases from year to year [1-5]. The enterprises of the polymer industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan consume a large number of composite polymer materials filled with imported ingredients: kaolin, chalk and transition metal oxides, the need for which increases annually. Taking into account the prospects for the development of the polymer and composite industry in the republic and with the expansion of the production capacities of existing enterprises, a real prerequisite is being created for conducting research on the development of new fillers for polymer materials based on local raw materials and industrial waste.

In this aspect, finely ground mechanically activated wollastonite becomes particularly relevant as a filler for the production of polymer materials, due to their developed specific surface area and adsorption properties [6-8].

Composite materials, the crystalline phase of which can be formed on the basis of wollastonite, are increasingly attracting attention and becoming the object of interesting research. The main technological advantages of wollastonite include high dielectric characteristics with high physical and mechanical properties, relatively low melting point and coefficient of linear thermal expansion, low shrinkage, etc. Melts and glass based on wollastonite are characterized by an active crystallization ability.

The specifics of the structure and chemical composition of finely ground wollastonite obtained by the proposed technology make it a very promising filler for a wide range of composite materials, especially polymer [7-8].

In connection with the above, the purpose of this work in this work was the research and development of new compositions of composite polymer materials for use in the production of building materials, in particular linoleum containing finely ground mechanically activated wollastonite, and optimization of the main technological parameters of their production.

Object and methodology of research. The objects of the study are wollastonite of the Koitash deposit, sodium nitrate, kaolin, chalk, iron azure. Polymer compositions based on PVC, chloroprene (Nairit KPR-50) butadione-methyl styrene (SCMS 50R KM-15) rubbers with different filler contents were used as model systems.

Research methods. The dissertation work uses modern physico-chemical methods of analysis, including IR spectroscopy, X-ray phase and differential thermal analysis, electron-recording viscometer MUNI, vibration rheometer 100 "Monsanto" and bursting machine "Teratest-2160", as well as other standard methods of analysis.

The results of the study and their analysis.  It should be noted that, in [9], the results of studies of the effect of finely ground wollastonite fillers on the strength properties of polyvinyl chloride are shown. The increase in the strength properties of the polyvinyl chloride filled composition can be explained as follows: the presence in various polymer-filler pairs of an insignificant level of intermolecular interactions (the mobility of atoms in the α-position to the methyl groups of polyvinyl chloride, hydroxyl groups in kaolin, wollastonite and asbestos) predetermined the choice of the method of mechanical activation in creating specific interactions between the polymer matrix and the surface of fillers in the regulation of the structure and kinetic activity of fillers. The evaluation of the adsorption capacity, the study of EPR and IR spectra of mechanically activated fillers, especially in the presence of temperature on the example of wollastonite and kaolin, indicates the appearance of a significant amount in concentration and type of radicals that enhance the interaction of polyvinyl chloride with the filler surface.

Analysis of studies of physical and mechanical characteristics of polymer composites has shown that various mineral and fibrous fillers can be used in the development of durable and wear-resistant compositions. Since when the fillers are introduced into the polymer separately, the latter do not always ensure the efficiency and durability of the materials that are made from them, for a more complete realization of the worthiness of each filler, a system of fillers was introduced into the polymer material, which gives the material a set of necessary properties. The possibility of varying operational characteristics within a wide range depending on the type and content of the filler creates prerequisites for the use of synergetic approaches.

It was found that when filled composite polymer materials, especially mechano-activated mineral and wollastonite fillers are obtained, chemical interaction of fillers with polymer takes place, providing the formation of a dense adsorption layer and adhesive bonds. The purposeful use of combinations of organomineral materials and fillers, due to the specifics of the structures, creates favorable conditions for processing composite polymer materials with reduced shrinkage, sufficient density and improved physical, mechanical and wear-resistant characteristics, which are very important in the manufacture of linoleum and other building materials and products.

Based on the analyzers of the results obtained, we have developed a composition of compositions based on polyvinyl chloride and finely dispersed wollastonite for use in the production of construction linoleum. The composition mainly consists of 100 wt.h. of polyvinyl chloride and 25 wt. parts of finely ground wollastonite.

To obtain samples, powdered plasticized polyvinyl chloride with finely dispersed wollastonite was thoroughly mixed in a stirrer for 30 minutes, then the powdered composition was processed in a calender at a temperature of 160 ⁰C and samples were obtained in the form of a thin sheet and a tablet. Samples were prepared from this sheet for research in accordance with GOST. After 5 days, the physicomechanical properties of the samples of the developed polyvinyl chloride compositions were investigated.

Table 1 shows the comparative results of experimental studies of the physical and mechanical properties of the initial and developed polyvinyl chloride compositions filled with wollastonite. The physical and mechanical properties of composite polyvinyl chloride polymers were determined by methods and installations permitted in the CIS country.

Table 1.

Comparative values of physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride and compositions based on it with wollastonite

As can be seen from Table 1, rigid polyvinyl chloride polymer has the following physical and mechanical properties: density - 1.3-1.45 g / sm³; bulk density - 0.6-0.7 g / sm³; thermal conductivity - 0.14-0.28 W / (m * k); yield strength - 31-60 MPa; tensile strength 60.0 MPa; strength bending strength 120 MPa; compressive strength 160 MPa; coefficient of thermal expansion (linear) linear 5· 10^-5 mm (mm ⁰C); specific volume resistance 1016 ohms; specific surface resistance 1013-1014 ohms; decomposition temperature 130-140 ⁰C; glass transition temperature 85-105 ⁰C; water absorption in 24 hours is 0.4% or 0.11 g/m³.

A plasticized rigid polyvinyl chloride has the following physical and mechanical properties: density 1.1-1.3 g / sm³; ... density 0.4-0.5 g / cm³; thermal conductivity 0.14-0.17 W / (m * k); yield strength 10.0-24.8 MPa; tensile strength 40 MPa; bending strength 80 MPa; strength compression 128-130 MPa; specific volume resistance 1012-1014 ohms; specific surface resistance 1011-1012 ohms; decomposition temperature 110-120 ⁰C; glass transition temperature 90-100 ⁰C; water absorption in 24 hours 0.6% or 0.3 g/ m³.

As can be seen from Table 1 and the analysis, hard polyvinyl chloride has high values of physical and mechanical properties compared to plasticized polyvinyl chloride.

Let's consider the results of studies of the physico-mechanical properties of the developed composition composition based on 100 wt. h. plasticized polyvinyl chloride with 25 wt. parts with fine wollastonite: density 1.4-1.52 g/sm³; bulk density 0.7-0.8 g/sm³; thermal conductivity 0.12-20 W/ (m.k); yield strength 25-35 MPa; tensile strength 68 MPa; bending strength 18-130 MPa; compressive strength 172 MPa; coefficient of thermal expansion 5-104 mm (mm.⁰C); specific volume resistance 1016-1017 ohms; specific surface resistance 1014-1015; decomposition temperature 135-145 ⁰C; glass transition temperature 0.42 90-108 ⁰C; water absorption in 24 hours 0.4 or 0.12 g/m³.

As can be seen from Table 1 and the analysis of the experimental studies obtained, compositions based on plasticized polyvinyl chloride and finely ground wollastonite have better physical and mechanical properties not only in comparison with plasticized polyvinyl chloride, but also in comparison with the physical and mechanical properties of rigid polyvinyl chloride.

Conclusions. Thus, analyzing the results of the study, it can be concluded that the physical and mechanical properties that increase the durability of composite polyvinyl chloride polymer materials depend on the type, nature and content of fillers. It has been found that when mineral fillers, in particular finely ground mechanically activated wollastonite, are introduced into composite polyvinyl chloride polymer materials, the tensile strength, bending, compression, impact strength are significantly increased and the yield strength, thermal conductivity, decomposition temperature and water absorption, which are the main operational properties, are reduced.

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