INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FINELY GROUND MECHANICALLY ACTIVATED WOLLASTONITES AND OTHER MINERAL FILLERS ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER MATERIALS FOR LINOLEUM PRODUCTION

ABSTRACT

This article presents the results of studies of the effect of finely dispersed mechanically activated wollastonites and other mineral fillers on the physical and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride materials used in the production of linoleum, as well as the determination of their effective compositions.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье приводится результаты исследований влияния тонкодисперсных механоактивированных волластонитов и других минеральных наполнителей на физико-механические свойства поливинилхлоридных материалов, применяемых в производстве линолеумов, а также установлен их эффективных составов.

Keywords: wollastonite, polyvinyl chloride, linoleum, filler, formulation, zinc whitewash, dioctyl phthalate, chalk, rosin, talc, kaolin.

Ключовые слова: волластонит, поливинилхлорид, линолеум, наполнитель, рецептура, белила цинковая, диоктилфталат, мел, канифоль, тальк, каолин.

Introduction. In world practice, in the production of composite materials, a large role is assigned to dispersed organo-mineral fillers, which make it possible to increase the physical and technical properties of composites and reduce their cost [1-5]. However, the well-known fillers, in particular, aluminosilicate ones, do not fully meet the growing needs and meet the ever-increasing requirements for the properties of composite materials for various purposes, especially for the production of linoleum. In this aspect, the development of new types of aluminosilicate ingredients as a filler for the production of linoleum, which includes wollastonite in place of asbestos, is of great importance [10-12].

In this regard, the development of effective techniques for the production of finely dispersed aluminosilicate wollastonite powders and their use in the production of composite polymer materials and linoleum from them with high physical, mechanical, and operational properties and with low cost to replace linoleum based on expensive imported polymer materials used in the story industry and other industrial industries is a very urgent problem.

Based on the analysis of existing works, it should be noted that the issues of developing an effective technology for obtaining finely ground wollastonite and obtaining composite polymer materials and linoleum based on them for construction purposes with its use are insufficiently taken into account the influence of the mode of the technological process of grinding mineral raw materials and, accordingly, when obtaining composite materials and linoleum from them. This is due to the difficulties associated with the complex study of technological processes of grinding wollastonite, the study of its physico-chemical properties and their effect on the physico-mechanical properties of the resulting composite polymer materials and the lack of a scientifically sound approach to the technology of grinding wollastonite, as well as the development of technology for obtaining high-quality composite polymer materials using wollastonite to obtain linoleum. The present work is devoted to solving these problems.

Object and methodology of research. The objects of research are wollastonite of the Koitash deposit, sodium nitrate, kaolin, chalk and iron azure. Polymer compositions based on PVC, chloroprene (Nairit KPR-50) butadione-methyl styrene (SCMS 50R KM-15) rubbers with different filler contents were used as model systems.

Research methods. The dissertation work uses modern physicochemical methods of analysis, including IR spectroscopy, X-ray phase, and differential thermal analysis, electron-recording viscometer MUNI, vibration rheometer 100 "Monsanto" and bursting machine "Teratest-2160", as well as other standard methods of analysis.

The results of the study and their analysis. Due to the developed specific surface area and adsorption characteristics, finely ground wollastonite is of interest when using composite polymer materials in the formulation instead of imported transition metal oxides and mineral fillers, which would significantly reduce the imported ingredients and at the same time improve their properties, as well as reduce their cost.

As noted in the previous sections, finely ground wollastonite obtained by the developed technology is characterized by a high specific surface area with minimal contents of foreign impurities – metal oxides.

The above has determined the expediency of using finely ground wollastonite as an effective filler in the production of composite polymer materials for household use.

to clarify the behavior of finely ground wollastonite in rigid-chain polymers, it is of interest to develop the composition and study the strength properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compositions filled with wollastonite.

To identify the optimal compositions of the polyvinyl chloride composition, studies have been conducted to study the dependencies of the basic physical and mechanical properties and wear resistance of the polymer on the type and content of mineral and fibrous fillers (see Fig. 1-5).

As is known, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and talc are widely used as a filler in the production of polyvinyl chloride linoleum in a polymer composition. For the research and development of a polyvinyl chloride composition, we selected these fillers as the object of research.

Figure 1 shows the results of studies of the value of the dependence of the tensile strength of a polyvinyl chloride polymer composition on the content of fine wollastonite, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and talc.

1 – finely ground wollastonite; 2 – asbestos; 3 – stranded; 4 – kaolin; 5 – talc.

Figure 1. Dependence of the tensile strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition on the content of finely ground wollastonite, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and talc

1 – finely ground wollastonite; 2 – asbestos; 3 – chalk; 4 – kaolin; 5 – talc.

Figure. 2. Dependence of the impact strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition on the content of finely ground wollastonite, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and talc

As can be seen from Figure 1, the value of the tensile strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition, depending on the increase in the content of fillers, has an extreme character of passage through the maximum with the content of fillers ranging from 30-50 mass parts and is in the range of 117 MPa – 107 MPa, a further increase in fillers leads to a decrease in tensile strength. At the same time, the maximum value of tensile strength is observed in a polyvinyl chloride composition filled with finely dispersed wollastonites 127 MPa, and the lowest value of tensile strength is observed in a composition filled with talc 117 MPa. The rest is in the intermediate region in the following sequence: asbestos (-124 MPa), chalk (123 MPa) and kaolin (117 MPa). All of them are significantly higher than the value of 105 MPa of non-filled polyvinyl chloride materials.

A further increase in the content of these fillers is accompanied by a gradual decrease in the value of the destructive tensile stress. With the introduction of such mineral fillers as finely dispersed wollastonite, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and only in polyvinyl chloride, the destructive tensile stress decreases with an increase in their content. However, the magnitude of the destructive stress at rupture remains quite high and compositions filled with up to 40 masses. parts of finely ground wollastonite, asbestos, chalk and kaolin.

In general, the increase in strength during fracture by the method of rupture to a certain content of filler, apparently, is associated with its accumulation in the intersferolite areas where the filler enters during crystallization. The decrease in the tensile strength of the polymer composition at large fillings is apparently caused by the fact that the presence of a large amount of filler between the polymer macromolecules will somewhat complicate the energy of their intermolecular interaction, accelerating the destruction of the polymer composition.

1 – finely ground wollastonite; 2 – asbestos; 3 – chalk; 4 – kaolin; 5 – talc.

Figure 3. Dependence of the bending strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition on the content of fillers

Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the values of the impact strength, bending strength and compressive strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition depending on the content of fillers.

Impact strength, bending strength and compressive strength of composite polyvinyl chloride polymer material with an increase in the content of fine wollastonite, asbestos, chalk, kaolin and talc up to 40 wt. the number of parts also increases, and then gradually decreases. All this can also be explained by the explanations noted above.

1 – finely ground wollastonite; 2 – asbestos; 3 – chalk; 4 – kaolin; 5 – talc.

Figure 4. Dependence of the compressive strength of the polyvinyl chloride composition on the filler content

Further, we investigated, taking into account polyvinyl chloride linoleum also works on abrasion, we investigated the effect of selected fillers on the wear resistance of the polyvinyl chloride compositions being developed.

As is known, the friction process is accompanied by a complex of various phenomena: the interaction of contacting surfaces, physical and mechanical changes in the surface layers of contacting bodies, destruction by wear (abrasion) of surfaces. Linoleum material. Due to the discreteness of fractional contacting bodies and the uneven abrasion of the material, the mentioned phenomena have a specific nature. Of course, the analysis of the dependence of the force acting on the linoleum material on a number of important parameters of the interaction process of the surface of the polymer linoleum material provides scientifically sound recommendations for the selection and optimization of the properties of the composite polymer material. One of these main factors is the wear of the linoleum material in contact with model bodies. In this regard, we conducted a study of the effect of fillers on the wear of polyvinyl chloride, which is a material for the production of construction linoleum.

Let's consider the results of research on the wear of the studied compositions with counterbodies. With abrasive paper, wear was determined on a disk tribometer.

Figure 5 shows the results of a study of the effect of fillers on the wear of a polyvinyl chloride composition, depending on their content.

1 – finely ground wollastonite; 2 – asbestos; 3– kaolin; 4 – talc; 5 – stranded.

Figure 5. Dependence of the wear intensity of polyvinyl chloride compositions on the content of fillers

As can be seen from Figure 5, with an increase in the content of fine-dispersed wollastonite, asbestos, and kaolin, wear has an extreme character of passage through a minimum at their content up to 40-42 wt. h., and a further increase in fillers, wear monotonically increases. With an increase in the content of talc and chalk up to 80 wt. h. in the polymer composition, there is a sharp increase in wear and is in the range of 9.5 and 8.1 1-10^-10, respectively.

A polyvinyl chloride composition filled with finely dispersed wollastonite, asbestos, and partially kaolin has a high resistance to wear. In these compositions, with an increase in the filler content, the wear intensity decreases to a minimum (4.2 ·10^-10; 4.5 · 10^-10 and 5.8· 10^-1, respectively). At the same time, high strength characteristics (see Fig. 1-4) lead to a significant reduction in the fatigue component of wear, even though the coefficient of friction increases in this range. As a result of the conducted research, it will be determined that fillers – finely ground wollastonite, asbestos, as well as kaolin, with an increase in their content, leads to a decrease in the intensity of wear of the polyvinyl chloride composition when interacting with counter bodies.

Conclusions. The patterns of changes in tensile and bending strength, impact strength and wear intensity are investigated. These properties, in addition to the intensity of wear, have an extreme character, passing through the maximum of all the considered fillers within 40 wt. parts. The lowest intensity of wear is observed in linoleum filled with kaolin, talc and chalk. Thus, it was found that to obtain the minimum wear intensity of the polyvinyl chloride composition, the optimal composition is the content of fillers: 20-60 wt. h. - finely ground wollastonite or 30-50 wt. h. – asbestos or 20-50 wt. h. - kaolin.

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