APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL REAGENTS IN THE OIL PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT

In this article, chemical reagents used in the processes of oil production, preparation and transportation for the purpose of bringing it into a commodity state in the oil-producing fields have been investigated. It is stated that these chemical reagents serve to improve oil production, its preparation and transmission, to protect the equipment used from corrosion and to enhance the working cycle.

АННОТAЦИЯ

В данной статье исследованы химические реагенты, используемые в процессах добычи, подготовки и транспортировки нефти с целью приведения ее в товарное состояние на нефтедобывающих месторождениях. Установлено, что эти химические реагенты служат для улучшения нефтедобычи, ее подготовки и передачи, защиты используемого оборудования от коррозии и улучшения рабочего цикла.

Keywords: oil, surface-active substance, inhibitor, deemulsifier, precipitate, salt, reagent, well, viscosity

Ключевые слова: нефть, поверхностно-активное вещество, ингибитор, деэмульгатор, осадок, соль, реагент, скважина, вязкость

Introduction. The main advantage of oil and gas is the low cost of oil and gas extraction compared to other energy sources, their waste-free processing and obtaining various products.  However, oil and gas resources are limited, however, their production exceeds the production of other fuels.  The existence of oil reserves and the fact that it can be exported plays a huge role in the economic and social development of oil-rich countries.  Despite the large production of oil, the demand for it is growing faster.  Oil consumption doubles every 20 years.  In recent years, the amount of oil reserves has been increased with the help of methods of efficient extraction of oil reserves from the used fields and methods of increasing the ability of the layer to yield oil, but these opportunities are also limited [1].

Materials. Currently, oil reserves in the fields have decreased significantly, and the extracted product is highly diluted, and the price of oil is increasing.

The level of oil production is affected by the following group of factors, which are closely related to each other:

• quantity and quality of oil reserves;
• improvement of mining and oil production analysis and technologies;
• changes in the price of oil and other energy carriers;
• changes in the demand for oil and its use;
• development of energy saving policy;
• replacing oil with other types of energy carriers and so on.

In the extraction of oil raw materials from oil fields, various organic or inorganic chemical reagents are used separately and in the form of their compositions, they are mainly obtained from bulk wastes generated in petrochemical or other types of production.  In such cases, raw materials purchased from abroad and working agents introduced into the oil production system differ from each other, that is, different compositions are used as working agents in mining conditions.

The modern technological process of oil production mainly consists of 11 links, each of which is an object for introducing a certain amount of chemical reagents (Fig.1)[1,2,3].

Figure 1. Scheme for the introduction of chemical reagents into the oil production system

Table 1 shows the functional importance of the reagent, the place of introduction of the reagent, and the purpose of the introduction of the reagent based on the characteristics determined according to the scheme of introduction of chemical reagents into the oil production system.

From the scheme of introduction of chemical reagents into the oil production system, it can be seen that each link is necessarily an object of introduction of some kind of chemical reagent.  For example, to increase the oil production capacity of the well, the impact joint is directly the productive layer, and the chemical reagent facility is the drive well pumping station.

The main place in the introduction of chemical reagents for various purposes is occupied by an oil well. The chemical reagents introduced into the oil well or subsurface area make up two-thirds of the total amount. Some chemical reagents with the same functional importance can be included in several objects in the technological chain of oil production.  Such chemical reagents include demulsifiers, pump efficiency-increasing reagents, corrosion inhibitors, and salt-precipitation inhibitors.  For example, "SNPX-5312S" inhibitor is used as anti-salt precipitation inhibitors in the Kokdumalak oil and gas condensate field belonging to the Muborak Oil and Gas Production Department. Currently, K-1 demulsifier purchased from China is used as demulsifier. Desalting chemical reagents SP 2882 salt-precipitating inhibitors are used to separate the main chloride salts in the mining product. "Donoks SKAL-3" inhibitor is used in technological and pumping waters to prevent formation of deposits of inorganic salts in mine technological equipment and communications [5]. Also, domestic DEKS-017 demulsifier and KS-017I corrosion inhibitor, GHR-017 anti-salt precipitation inhibitor produced by "Global Him Reagent" LLC are used [6].

Results. The main place of introduction of demulsifiers is oil production facilities, but to prevent the formation of water-oil emulsion in the first place, it is more effective to introduce the chemical reagent into the wells.  The introduction of demulsifiers leads to the formation of formation waters and salts and the formation of deposits as a result of the adsorption of salt deposits on the metal surface.

Table 1.

Areas of use and purpose of chemical reagents

But in this case, although chemical processing of the well raw materials coming to the oil production facility is certainly performed, the total amount of reagent consumption is reduced and the quality and efficiency of obtaining commodity oil increases. Introduction of demulsifiers is carried out simultaneously in both facilities.  The introduction of demulsifiers into the well with the help of the drive pumps is the U.W.F. of the well pumps or gas lift.  increases, especially the efficiency of water pumps increases.  Anti-salting inhibitors are applied to oil wells and the area near the bottom of the oil well formation, preventing the formation of salt deposits at the earliest stage.  But the introduction of the inhibitor requires additional unloading and installation work.  Therefore, it is economically beneficial to treat wells with salt-precipitation inhibitors during planned and catastrophic repair work. Despite this, the introduction of salt-precipitation inhibitors into the wells themselves remains one of the most common methods [1,5,6].

Corrosion inhibitors are mainly applied to 5 facilities: PWA-2, the well, at the exit from the oil preparation facility, pumping stations and drive wells.  The next facilities in the technological chain are the most dangerous parts in terms of corrosion activity in mining conditions, due to the rapid acceleration of the environment's corrosion activity due to the influence of layer water and mineral salts in the facilities after the well pumping station.  Therefore, it is advisable to introduce corrosion inhibitors to oil production facilities in order to prevent corrosion caused by formation waters.

Discussion. Chemical reagents used to increase the oil field of the well are carried out through pumping stations. Periodic treatment and exposure to the layer with highly concentrated solutions directly in clear drive wells gives good results. During large-scale exposure to the layer with chemical reagents, there is no need to additionally treat it with bactericides using drive wells. To increase the efficiency of regeneration of the main working agent of the system, special secondary chemical reagents are included in highly concentrated solutions [2,4,6].

The use of chemical reagents at various stages of well operation can be carried out continuously and continuously.  In the initial period of the use of wells, chemical reagents are mainly used to isolate structures. As the hydration of the well product increases, the introduction of demulsifiers for oil, corrosion and salt precipitation inhibitors, and chemical reagents that increase the oil yield of the formation increases.  Chemical reagents used at the same time in facilities of oil extraction, preparation and transportation system can be several tens and hundreds of types.  Their names and content are always changing.  For this reason, test and research works are constantly being carried out in mining conditions, the effectiveness of reagents is determined, and new types are used.

In recent years, one of the main ways to increase the productivity of wells is to influence the natural permeability of the productive layer, in which the treatment of the layer itself and, in particular, the area near the bottom of the well, with the help of chemical reagents is becoming widespread.  Because the use of effective chemical reagents against the swelling of rocks in the productive part of the used well, the formation of salt deposits of various salts in the formation waters, the formation of stable emulsions and other such remains one of the important tasks in the field. But all types of chemical reagents used are mainly imported from abroad [4,7].

All anomalous phenomena in nature - erosion, corrosion, salt deposition, etc. - cause great damage to the economy. There are two ways to prevent anomalous events: without reagents and with the help of chemical reagents.  Reagent-free methods of dealing with anomalous phenomena include methods that require large amounts of capital, such as magnetic treatment, pipe surface protection with coatings, and electric current treatment.

Combating anomalous phenomena using chemical reagents is based on demineralization of water using ion exchange resins and the use of salt-precipitation inhibitors.

The process of oil extraction, transportation and preparation until the initial commodity state includes a complex system, and this process is carried out in the field conditions in all oil fields. Solid deposits in the form of inorganic substances are formed in the equipment and devices used in the process, depending on the composition of the oil raw materials extracted from the layer. Formation of sediments is observed in well pump-compressor pipelines, oil collection and transportation communications on the ground, and especially in oil preparation devices [6,7].

Combating the formation of salt deposits in oil production depends on choosing a solution to this problem using a comprehensive approach.  In this case, the correct choice of methods of preventing the formation of salt deposits is determined by the fact that they are most effective and economically based in the conditions of specific mines.

Conclusion. It should be noted that, as well as the content of the chemical reagent, its rate is selected for each deposit depending on the geological and physical conditions, composition and properties of the layers saturated with fluids.  An important part of the monitoring of chemical reagents should be checking their compatibility, determining their individual and mutual effects on technological processes. No new reagent, whether it is an oil-yielding composition or a corrosion inhibitor, should not be used until it has been thoroughly investigated for its effect on other technological processes. The testing of chemical reagents should be carried out in realistic thermobaric conditions suitable for the mine, using specific technological fluids.

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