ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANIZATION OF THE WORK OF COMPACTION OF GRUNTS IN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT

This article presents an analysis of the means of mechanization used in the work of compaction of grunts in construction, reflecting their advantages and disadvantages in compaction of grunts using various compaction machines.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье представлен анализ средств механизации, применяемых при уплотнении грунта в строительстве, выделены их преимущества и недостатки при уплотнении грунта различными уплотняющими машинами.

Keywords: compaction, grunt compaction, bubbling, compacting equipment, cages, vibrators, compaction plates.

Ключевые слова: уплотнение, уплотнение грунта, трамбованные, оборудование для уплотнения, катки, вибраторы, уплотняющие плиты.

The strength, reliability, toughness of structures are ensured by uniform compaction of grunts in railway construction. In the project of the structure, the degree of compaction and necessity of grunt is given. The density of grunt in land structures should not be lower than the norms provided for in the "building codes and regulations". There are 5 main methods of compaction of grunts: rolling, shaking, shaking-shitting, rustling and exposure in a mixed way. Wheel or Shaft is a rolling compaction method based on the transfer of static pressure to a compressible grunt; but is not used in re-burying operations in tight, narrow areas because the static cages used in this method have large dimensions and low movement maneuverability. In the vibration method, the grunt compaction equipment is based on the transmission of mechanical harmonic vibrations to the compacting grunt. This method is divided into superficial and deep-compaction types. In the method of surface vibrating compaction, the compacting equipment will be located on the surface of the grunt, and the vibration will move and affect it. In a deep vibrating compaction method, the equipment is lowered into the depths of the grunt. The surface (facial) method is used in the compaction of poorly bound and unbound grunts, while the deep vibrating compaction method is used in the compaction of sandy, especially water-saturated sandy grunts [1].

The main indicators of vibrators – depend on the amplitude and frequency of vibrations, according to which vibrating machines can also work in a percussion order, vibrating in the superficial compaction of the grunt. Their vibration amplitude, large and frequency are less than that of machines with oscillating strokes. When vibrating machines are used, the compaction method is the so – called vibrating rubbing method, which is used in the compaction of back-shed grunts in narrow areas [4].

The levelling method of compaction is based on the transfer of shock loads to the grunt. Unlike shiver and shiver percussion methods, in this method those are struck at great power due to high speed when struck, resulting in a thick layer (up to 2 m.) allows you to compact bonded and unbound grunts. In industrial construction, the method of compacting grunts is used when installing grunt pillows under the floor of foundations, under technological equipment and floors. When installing columnar foundations, this method is also used when plastering grunts [5].

The mixed compaction method is based on the combined effect of static, shiver, shiver-levelling and rubbing loads on the grunt. In this method, all types of grunts can be compacted, and this method is mainly used where the scope of work is wide. Based on the data presented in Table 1, it is possible to select mechanization tools for leveling grunts.

Table 1.

Mechanization tools for leveling grunts

For compaction of connected and unbound grunts, pneumatic tire cages are used, the wheels of which are arranged in one row. The wheels can be hung without a bicycle and moving independently [8].

The axle of the bick-hanging wheel rollers is attached to the frame longitudinal beam, frame is usually placed over the wheels. The main drawback of such structural cells is that as a result of movement on an uneven surface, some wheels of the rolling stock are overloaded, as a result of which the rolling stock is unevenly compacted in the width of the marched corridor, while some elements of the cells are exposed to excessive load.

From the above-mentioned disadvantages, the wheels will be free of independent moving cages, in which each wheel can move freely in vertical space. Each section of such cages will be paired with a ballast box or platform. The Ballast function is performed by grunt or concrete blocks[10].

For compaction of grunts in narrow Conditions, self – moving vibrating plates and vibrating rubbers, blasting-rubbers, internal wobblers are used. Leveling plates used by hanging on rope or mechanical wire machines are widely used, which include leveling plates that are raised and ironed using excavators or cranes. Plates weighing 2-5 tons are lifted and lowered using lifting cranes. Due to the fact that such devices are exposed to large dynamic loads, expensive cranes and excavators quickly fail. For this reason, leveling plates in cranes and excavators are mainly used in narrow areas where it is not possible to apply different machines[11].

Leveling machines on the tractor base have high productivity. The function of their working unit is performed by 2 plates hanging side by side on the lifting ropes behind the tractor. The plates alternately fall freely on the surface of the grunt by means of ropes, compacting the grunt in the corridor equal to the width of both plates. During operation, the tractor moves at a slowed speed., this speed is selected in accordance with the number of hits of plates in one place. After the car passes over the Grunt, a compacted corridor remains, the width of which will be equal to the width of the tractor chain, and the compaction depth will be equal to 1.2 meters.

Modern construction requires intensive construction, which makes it necessary to re-fill the excavated areas in the short term. For this reason, in relatively narrow areas it is necessary to use manual electric shibbalar, electric shibbalar and equipment for compacting grunts.

Complex mechanization of refilling works and grunts depends on the equipment indicators and productivity, without which it is necessary to plan[5].

The productivity of the means of compaction of grunts, that is, with the help of one or another machine, the area of the grunt per unit of time can be determined by the following formula:

Ρ = [ (b˗c)] ·

In this formula: b-machine working unit width, mm;

c-width of compressible corridors, mm;

ν - working equipment, machine working speed, m / s;

-the number of transitions from one plot;

 -use coefficient by time ()

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