ANALYSIS OF THE SMART GRID SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

ABSTRACT

Smart grid (smart power supply network) is an intelligent electrical grid in which there is a connection between all participants in the energy market, which is aimed at providing energy services, reducing costs and increasing efficiency, as well as integrating distributed energy sources, including RES. This article analyzes the smart-grid system for renewable energy. The advantages and disadvantages of this system are also considered. The article presents a diagram with the elements of this system, the relationship between these elements is considered. Smart meters in this system are considered.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Smart grid (умная сеть электроснабжения) является интеллектуальной электрической сетью, в которой имеется связь между всеми участниками энергетического рынка, которая направлена на предоставление энергетических услуг, уменьшение затрат и повышение эффективности, а также на интеграцию распределенных источников энергии, в том числе ВИЭ. В этой статье проводится анализ системы smart grid (умной сети) для возобновляемых источников энергии. Также рассматривается преимущества и недостатки этой системы. В статье приведена схема с элементами этой системы, рассмотрена связь между этими элементами. Рассмотрены умные счетчики в этой системе.

Ключевые слова: ВИЭ, smart grid, эффективность, энергоснабжение, автоматизация

Keywords: RES, умная сеть, efficiency, energy supply, automation

Introduction

Smart grids are power systems that use information and control technology, distributed processing, and associated sensors and controls to integrate the behavior and actions of users and other stakeholders and to efficiently provide a sustainable, economical, and reliable power supply. Smart Grid is not a device, application or network, it is a concept that uses information and communication technologies along with electrical grids. To implement the intelligent behavior of electrical networks, it is necessary to automate them using communication and IT technologies. The term Smart Grid is currently still a novelty in the field of energy. There are several definitions of a smart grid, but despite all of them, there is a consensus among the properties that a modern electrification system should meet.

 It:

1) reducing the impact of production and distribution of energy on the environment due to more accurate production planning, the possibility of using renewable resources, decentralization of production, the possibility of energy storage,

2) resistance to natural disasters and deliberate attacks, both physical and cybernetic,

3) ensuring power quality parameters,

4) monitoring of all important elements of the distribution network, reducing the likelihood of interruptions in the supply of electricity,

5) close cooperation with the electricity market.

Figure 1. Smart Grid Concept

As the share of renewable energy sources [1] in electrical networks increases, so do the requirements, in particular, for low-voltage networks. Low-voltage networks no longer only have the task of receiving and distributing electricity from distribution networks, but increasingly they also have the task of feeding decentralized generated electricity back into distribution networks. The intrusion of renewable energy sources into the energy landscape has markedly changed the energy flows in the grid: now users not only consume, but also produce electricity through the same grid. Therefore, the flow of energy is now bidirectional.

Figure 2. Smart Grid elements and their relationship

Characteristics of smart power grids:

1) Full automation. It includes a digital monitoring and control system, built-in sensors that monitor network behavior and automatic recovery from failures. Provides real-time information on network load, power quality, outages, etc.

2) Full integration of clients. Its essence is to provide consumers with digital meters with a two-way flow of information in real time, which allows you to create price tariffs in accordance with the current situation in the network (the so-called "smart electricity meters"). This allows customers to efficiently manage consumption such as water heating, washing or recharging batteries.

3) Adapt to different ways of power generation [2]. The development of smart grids began mainly at the time when smaller sources of electricity began to be connected to the distribution system, the behavior of which is difficult to predict. For example, solar and wind power plants, gas microturbines and other decentralized power generation technologies that enable consumers to generate electricity from their own resources and sell its surplus to the grid.

Smart Grid is created by integrating communication technologies and automation existing in the energy system. Conventional electrical networks usually already use information and control technologies to some extent. In smart power grids (Smart grid), these technologies are being further developed. The main change at the end user level is the installation of smart meters. Their main tasks are remote reading of data and the possibility of invoicing at prices that change over time [3].

Smart Meters - An electricity meter that records electricity consumption at intervals of 1 hour or less and reports this information at least once a day to the power company for monitoring and control purposes. Smart meters provide two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Data transmission between individual network components takes place via telephone modem, GSM, ADSL connections or other means. This allows the development of more differentiated tariffs and hence more favorable price incentives for household consumers (smart market). Unlike home energy monitoring systems, smart meters can collect data for remote reporting.

The consumer can realize cost advantages without sacrificing convenience only if he also has devices that operate automatically, preferably during low fare times. These are non-time-critical processes such as charging electric vehicles, operating heat pumps, freezing, heating (electric boilers) or washing dishes. For an electricity consumer, for example, this technology ensures that an electric car will be charged when there is good access to cheap renewable electricity. Thus, wind energy can be better used during hours when strong winds are blowing. Another example is control systems that automatically help industries shut down low-priority production processes when electricity prices are temporarily high. With night storage heaters and fixed night rates, this was already implemented decades ago, but modern systems can operate more flexibly and intelligently, which is especially important for incorporating renewable energy sources [4,5].

Conclusion

The smart grid sends electricity from suppliers to consumers using bi-directional digital technology to manage consumer demand. This helps to save energy, reduce costs, improve usability and transparency. Due to the fact that smart grids regularly send information about electricity consumption, it is possible to regulate power, for example, in power plants using conventional fuels.

From the considered Smart Grid concept, it can be seen that its advantages lie mainly in the field of reducing electricity consumption and increasing the share of renewable energy sources. It also allows the electrical network to work autonomously if necessary, increases the reliability of power supply under normal conditions and during natural disasters.

References

1. Boyle G. Renewable Energy. — Oxford University Press, 2004. — 464 pp
2. Mammadov N.S., “Selection of the type of electric generators for a wind electric installation”, UNIVERSUM journal, №9(102), pp. 65-67 doi: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.102.9.14234, Russia
3. Mammadov N.S., Ganiyeva N.A., Aliyeva G.A., “Role of renewable energy sources in the world”, Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol 2,September 2022, pp.63-67, DOI:10.29103/jreece.v2i2.8779 https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/jreece/issue/view/359, Indonesia
4. Mammadov N.S. «Применение двухскоростного (двухобмоточного) асинхронного генератора для ветроэлектрической установки». Journal Internauka.August.2022.№28(251).DOI:10.32743/26870142.2022.28.251.344223 https://www.internauka.org/journal/science/internauka/251
5. Smart Grids — European Technology Platform for Electricity Network of the Future, 2005.