DAMAGE TO PLANTS BY DRAINAGE WATERS AND INFLUENCE ON GEOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE SOIL

ABSTRACT

At present, the country is working to improve the reclamation of soils, including the annual design and extension of drainage networks, which, as a result of such processes, increase the fertility of soils in all respects, but deeper study of them halogeochemical changes occur in soils as a result of erosion.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В настоящее время в стране ведутся работы по улучшению мелиорации почв, в том числе по ежегодному проектированию и расширению дренажных сетей, которые в результате таких процессов повышают плодородие почв во всех отношениях, но при более глубоком изучении их происходят галогеохимические изменения. в почвах в результате эрозии.

Keywords: Hungry steppe zone, Sherabad steppes, old irrigated tracts, collector-drainage, capital washing, water extract, soil alkalinity, sulfate-chloride-hydrocarbonate, mineralization, hydrogalite, halogen formation, migration coefficient, migration intensity, province.

Ключевые слова: Голодная степная зона, Шерабадские степи, староорошаемые массивы, коллекторно-дренажные, капитальные промывки, водная вытяжка, щелочность почв, сульфатно-хлоридно-гидрокарбонатные, минерализация, гидрогалит, галогенообразование, коэффициент миграции, интенсивность миграции, провинция.

Introduction.  At the moment, a large, long-term program is being implemented in our country to improve soil reclamation and irrigate lands, including cotton and other agricultural lands. In addition to the implementation of these works, no matter how hard people and science fight, the soils, to be more precise, the irrigated and newly irrigated soils are constantly exposed to salinity. zone, Sherabad, and Buhoro oasis are widespread. In recent years, new types of collector-drainage systems have been further developed in these areas, including vertical drainage systems, closed and open ditch networks on the old irrigated soil cover. Collector ditch systems are being extended day by day and are having a positive effect on crop productivity. Further improvement of soil reclamation and implementation of comprehensive works, introduction of advanced branches of reclamation and scientific achievements will further increase the scope of these works. [1,2,3,4]

Taking into account the climatic conditions of the regions in the implementation of reclamation works, the implementation of reclamation measures is considered one of the important issues of today. Currently, regardless of the implementation of any reclamation measures, there is no absolute possibility to avoid one negative feature, and that is the process of seasonal salt accumulation in the soil. But the existence of this process cannot be the reason for coming to the final conclusion that there is absolutely no possibility of increasing soil fertility. Because it is possible to achieve positive results in such areas, i.e., in the soil cover with a sharply continental climate, by carrying out comprehensive reclamation measures. Such measures include the following in the complex of agrotechnical and meliorative measures. [5,6,7]

current and capital planning of farming in irrigated areas, design and improvement of drainage networks.

regulating the regime of underground waters, i.e. maintaining their critical depth at an acceptable level.

development of scientific and agronomic methods of using these waters, regardless of the type of irrigation used, etc.

Methods.  Among the scientists working in this direction, we can cite the works of the following. UzPITI and Yuldashev G., Kruger T.P. and others determined that in the conditions of the Fergana Valley, the use of collector-drainage water in the short term is not dangerous from the point of view of the risk of the development of the salinity process, and it can be used for cotton irrigation. [8,9]

As you can see, it is not about irrigation of agricultural crops, it is economically justified to use drainage and collector water as an additional source of irrigation canal water.

In addition, irrigation with mineralized water, which has been proven to cause large crop losses without additional irrigation, creates a flushing regime and annual preventive flushing.

The processes of mobilization of water-soluble salts, their migration, dissolution in sediments and soils can be called pedohalogenesis.

Level of study of the problem. It can be seen in many works of foreign scientists, that large-scale scientific and research work has been carried out to determine the effect of mineralized waters on the properties of soil and agricultural plants, to assess and improve the ecological-ameliorative condition of soils and collector-drainage waters: including V.A. Kovda, V.V. Yegorova, I.S. Rabocheva, N.G. Minashina, A.F. Novikova, WestL.T., Hartemink A.E. and scientists of our country: N.F. Bespalova, G.A. Ibragimov, S.Kh. Isayev, T.P. Glukhova, G. Yoldosheva, E.I. Chambarisov. [10,11,12,13]

The main part. Almost all salts involved in the process of soil formation are present in the soil extract. Such salts include NaCl, Na₂SO4, MgCl₂, MgSO₄, NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, MgCO₃ and non-toxic Ca(HCO₃)₂, CaSO₄. Now we bring to your attention the following idea: plants contain almost all types of the above ions in their natural state. we can say that it is made on the basis of arbitrary classification as harmful or not harmful. Most of the toxic salts are considered to have high solubility and mobility in water, it is this property that determines the negative properties of salts for plants and soils. In our conditions, the main toxic (poisonous salts) salts are chloride and sulfate salts of sodium and magnesium. Therefore, their chemistry, as well as the ratio of anions and cations, is taken into account when evaluating salinity. At this point, it should be said that the type of salinity for the soil cover of our republic is determined by N.N.Bazilevich and E.I.Pankovalar (1972). [14,15]

Chloride type of salinity Sl:SO₄ ≥25; Sulfate-chloride Sl:SO₄=2.5-1.0 Sulfate Cl:SO₄≤0.3; Sulfate-chloride-hydrocarbonate NSO₃:Sl>1; HCO3:SO₄>1; According to the composition of cations, the following types of salinity are distinguished: Sodium Na:Mg=2-1; Magnesium-sodium Na: Mg=2-1; Sodium-magnesium Na: Mg=1-0.5; Magnesium Na: Mg<0.5.

Currently, soil salinity is determined for a meter layer. The classification system developed by N.N. Bazilevich and E.I. Pankova is based on this model. The process of salinization in soils occurs in the non-irrigated and irrigated conditions. These depend primarily on the proximity of the groundwater level to the surface, as well as the level and quality of mineralization, movement of groundwater, etc. In connection with the above, the depth of underground water is conditionally distinguished. As a result of irrigation water in the soil, the first factor in the formation of halogeochemical properties is considered to be the upward movement of seepage water through capillary tubes. At this point, it is important to note that the maximum rise of groundwater through capillaries is characteristic of heavy and medium sandy soils. Depending on the level of mineralization of irrigation water, we can divide it into the following groups. [16,17]

fresh with mineralization up to 1 g/l; slightly mineralized with salt content - from 1 to 3 g/l; average mineralization -3-10 g/l; highly mineralized - 10-50 g / l; saline waters >50 g/l

As a result of the strong mineralization of underground waters in the conditions of Fergana region, and the compression of water from the bottom to the top in soils with heavy mechanical composition, seepage waters lie at different depths in different periods. For example, 1.2 m at the beginning of the growing season, IV-IX during the growing season. 1.5 m (1.3-1.6 m), 1.7 m (1.7-1.2 m) in the non-vegetation period for X-II. This was proven by experts of the UzPITI experimental station. [18,19]

Depending on the mechanical composition of the soil and the long or short duration of irrigation, it is possible to use collector and drainage water for irrigation. Such experiments were carried out by G. Based on the information found by Yuldashev, T. Kruger in the Fergana Valley area, it can be said that it is possible to use the collector and drainage water in the process of short-term salinization.

Of course, long-term use of such irrigation water can cause salinization of the soil. The economic efficiency of using such waters is very effective in regions with a shortage of irrigation water.

The ability to mobilize, settle, and migrate water-soluble salts in soils is called pedolithogenesis. Halogenetic processes are composed of elements with a large radius and low valency. Ions, cations, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and anions participating in halogenetic processes include chlorine, sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, bicarbonates, sometimes nitrates and nitrites. These are mainly caused by processes such as rock erosion and technogenesis.

The halogeochemical changes of the Fergana region include the following main changes and stages. The empty period of the first halogenesis corresponds to the first half of the Cambrian and Paleozoic periods. During the second Cretaceous period, the accumulation of salts and gypsum and angdrite reached its peak. In the Tertiary Quaternary period, salts were formed as a result of tectonic movements, climatic and technogenesis processes.[20,21]

From the above, the most important part for us is that the development of irrigation in the deposits of the Quaternary period greatly affects the migration ability of these salts, which, in turn, changes the salt content in the deposits accordingly.

In such areas, the best way to regulate salt migration is considered to be the use of collector and drainage ditches. If such works are not put into practice, the process of secondary salinization of the soil will develop rapidly. The process of salinization in soils depends not only on the collector networks, but also on the migration coefficient of salts.[1,2]

Table 1.

Migration table according to Perelman

In this table, we can conclude that groundwater and surface water enrich the amount of salts in the layers that supply and throw easily soluble salts. As a result of this process, weak mineralization in groundwater and transition of water-soluble salts from the solid phase to the liquid phase correspond to the Perelman table in accordance with their degree of dissolution. Ca, Mg, K, Na chlorides dissolve more intensively under the influence of underground water, and after this stage, i.e., the stage of dissolution, they pass the stage of migration in the form of magnesium sulfate and sodium carbonates. [3,4]

As you and I know, Gypsum is a compound with low solubility in water, but its solubility increases slightly due to the influence of some migrating salts, for example, NaCl. We will be able to see it in the following video.

2NaCl+CaSO₄→Na₂SO₄+CaCl₂

On the contrary, if there are many sulfate salts such as Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄, the solubility of gypsum decreases. We can see it in the example of the reaction below.

MgSO₄+SaCO₃SaSO₄→MgCO₃+CaSO₄

The amount and quality of salts play a key role in the occurrence of halogenation of salts in soils distributed in arid regions. In such areas, salts, chlorides and sulfates accumulate in underground water. Geochemical zonal provinces are formed as a result of evaporation in soils. According to the calcification of such provinces, accumulation of gypsum, sodium chloride, magnesium, salt occurs, where nitrates and nitrites can accumulate at the last stage. The solubility and value of soil salts is constant, depending on a number of soil and water factors, this characteristic can change due to the influence of salt concentration in solution and dissolved gases, partial pressure of CO₂, etc. If we consider temperature as the main factor, we can see the change of solubility as below. That is, we can arrange the solubility of salts at 20⁰ C as follows in descending order. [5,6]

1. Mg(NO₃)₂, NaNO₂, CaCl₂, MgCl₂, NaCl, MgSO₄; 2. Na₂CO₃, Na₂SO₄, NaHCO₃; 3. Mg(HCO₃)₂, Ca(HCO₃)₂, CaSO₄.

The salts of the first group show the highest solubility (at 200 C), while the salts of the second group have a lower solubility than those of the first group and are more sensitive to temperature increase.

Conclusion. It has not been fully proven that all the salts present in the soil are harmful to plants, so it is necessary to classify the salts into harmful and non-harmful groups for each agricultural crop and classify them. it is necessary to improve the creation of new methods in scientific reasoning.

Taking into account the climatic conditions of the region in the development of irrigation rates and periods, in addition, increasing and developing the irrigation process on soils formed from Quaternary deposits will disrupt the migration coefficient of normal salts in them and cause secondary re-salination. .

In the arid hot climate region, the solubility of water-soluble salts in the soil increases in proportion to the temperature during irrigation water supply.

Recommendations:

It will be possible to increase the productivity of the soil by increasing the efficiency of irrigation and desalination networks. That is, by maintaining a constant acceptable critical depth of seepage waters.

In areas with limited water resources, it will be possible to irrigate soils with a light mechanical composition for a short period of time with collector and drainage water.

Salts such as gypsum, which have a low solubility under the influence of irrigation water, become highly soluble as a result of their migration due to exposure to salts such as NaCl, so it is necessary to consider the amount of NaCl in the soil profile.

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