CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF BIODEGRADABLE DISPOSABLE TABLEWARE BASED ON CORN BRAN

ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ БИОРАЗЛАГАЕМЫХ ОДНОРАЗОВЫХ ПОСУД НА ОСНОВЕ КУКУРУЗНЫХ ОТРУБЕЙ

Khamdamova M Asqarov I.R.

06.07.2022 133

7(97)

03. Органическая химия

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Khamdamova M, Asqarov I.R. CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF BIODEGRADABLE DISPOSABLE TABLEWARE BASED ON CORN BRAN // Universum: химия и биология : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 7(97). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/item/14039 (дата обращения: 20.04.2024).

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ABSTRACT

In the article, we studied biodegradable disposable tableware as an environmentally friendly product with a raw material composition and chemical component content that has a useful organoleptic complex.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье мы исследовали биоразлагаемую одноразовую посуду, как экологический чистый продукт для бытья и как товар с сырьевым составом по химическому компонентному содержанию имеющий полезный органолептический комплекс.

Keywords: biodegradable tableware, starch, bran, corn, polyacid, chemical composition, scientific and economic review, fatty acids.

Ключевые слова: биоразлагаемая посуда, крахмал, отруби, кукуруза, полиактид, химический состав, научный и экономический обзор, жирные кислоты;

INTRODUCTION

Since the pandemic period, the global market has been dominated by the demand for disposable tableware. In turn, we would like to mention that disposable plastic utensils were acceptable until the world ecology recognized the harmful facts in the use and disposal of these petroleum products. To solve the above problems, we studied the research of some scientists in the field of production of biodegradable disposable tableware based on a plant component (secondary raw materials of grain crops in our country). Based on such biopolymers, it is possible to obtain films for the manufacture of durable bags (as packaging materials) and disposable tableware.

LITERATURE ANALYSIS

Back in 2019, the CIS countries and Russia in particular, created a completely biodegradable plastic from ordinary potato or grain starch and began the mass production of it. Disposable innovative tableware made from it is so harmless that it can even be eaten after use if desired [1]. Analyzing the chemistry of biodegradable tableware according to the Scopus database and Web of Science publications, the query for the tag "Biopolymer materials" received a response to more than 121 thousand publications on a global scale, including China (about 25 thousand), leaders among countries, United States (about 25 thousand) and India (more than 10 thousand) [2].

METHODS

In this scientific article, we wish to use research methods for the processing of secondary raw materials of plant origin. We studied the chemical composition of corn bran and offer optimal conditions for the production of biodegradable tableware.

The main areas of application of biodegradable polymeric materials are wholesale and retail trade enterprises using polystyrene foam substrates and film materials for packaging of goods sold; public catering enterprises (i.e. cafes, restaurants, food delivery, fast food enterprises), catering (i.e. organization of off-site banquets, receptions).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nowadays, among the natural components, which are proposed for the technology of biodegradable materials, secondary products of plant and animal origin, which, are waste products of processing industries, are of particular interest. A significant share of renewable raw materials mainly consists of waste from grain and flour production, textile and wood processing industries [3].

In a sunny country of ours, many varieties of agricultural crops are grown, in particular, cereal crops of plants occupy a predominant place. Most often, in the technologies of molded products, the use of grain bran, collapsed seed coats of grain crops, sugar cane processing waste, straw, etc. is suggested as a raw material basis in compositions.

We have studied the research of many scientists from developing countries on the production of biodegradable tableware in recent years. For example, in the scientific works of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the South Ural State University I.Yu. Potorok and a number of her employees developed the physical and mechanical characteristics of samples of rectangular plates from wheat bran and introduced the process of molding prototypes (rectangular plates) hydraulically modernized by the P-500 press of laboratory composite materials, and a mold for the above samples was designed by laboratory specialists [2].

The production line can use starch, calcium carbonate (calcium carbonate), talc powder, polylactic acid, polypropylene, polystyrene, vegetable fibers (corn cobs, straw, bagasse) and other decomposing raw materials. Depending on the raw materials used, biodegradable tableware of various qualities is formed and processed.

The proposed production line can produce knives, forks, spoons by injection molding, and can also produce disposable cups, dishes, glasses by extrusion and vacuum forming. According to the different requirements of the buyer, a different configuration of the production line is formed [4].

One of the most promising modern bioplastics is polylactide (PLA), for the synthesis of which renewable natural resources are used, mainly sugar cane and corn. In terms of its chemical properties, polylactide is close to PET and polystyrene, but decomposes within two months at an air humidity of 80% and a temperature of 55–70 °C.

The volume of the Russian biodegradable tableware market in 2019 increased by 15% compared to 2018. More than half of this increase was provided by increased imports, whose share in the total volume does not yet exceed 30%. Domestic production also grew, but less significantly both in percentage and in absolute terms. The export of biodegradable tableware from Russia is insignificant and does not make any significant contribution to the market volume. In the following chart, we want to look at the size of the biodegradable tableware market before the pandemic.

Diagram 1. The market volume of biodegradable tableware in the period of 2018 and 2020

Pink colour is for production, blue colour is for market volume, yellow colour is for imports.

In 2020, due to restrictions imposed during the first wave of COVID-19 virus, the consumption of biodegradable tableware decreased. However, in 2022, these figures increased significantly by 22% [5].

One of the main raw materials for the production of biodegradable tableware is starch and corn bran. Currently, corn is the third largest in the world in terms of production after wheat and rice. Sweet corn (lat. Zea mays) is the only cultivated representative of the genus "corn" of the cereal family. Man began to grow it 7-12 thousand years ago on the territory of modern Mexico. Corn is the oldest cereal grain in the world.

Up to 90% of the nutrients are in the shell, called bran, which is obtained during the processing of corn kernels into flour. They are made from the skin, which is removed from the main product. The shell is crushed or pressed and sold as a separate commodity unit. This production method causes many people to associate bran with waste. However, the rich chemical composition does not allow to treat the product with disdain. [6]

Table 1 presents data on the rich chemical composition and analysis of the nutritional value of the main raw materials in the production of biodegradable corn bran dishes. The table shows the content of nutrients (calories, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals) per 100 grams of the edible part of the product. [7]

Table 1.

Chemical composition of corn bran

Composite Components	Quantity	Norm	% of the norm in 100 gr	% relative to 100 kcal
Сalories	224 kcal	1684 kcal	13,3%	5,9%
Squirrels	8.36 g	76 g	11%	4,9 %
Fats	0.92 g	56 g	1,6%	0,7%
Carbohydrates	6.64 g	219 g	3%	1,3%
Alimentary fiber	79 g	20 g	395%	176,3%
Water	4.71 g	2273	0,2%	0,1%
Ash	0.36 g	-	-	-
Vitamins
Vitamin A, P, E	4 mcg	900 mcg	0,4%	0,2%
Alpha carotene	21 mcg	-	-	-
Betta carotene	0.006 mg	5 mg	0,1%	0,1%
Lutein-Zeaxanthin	1355 mcg	-	-	-
Vitamin B1, thiamine	0.01 mg	1.5 mg	0,7%	0.3%
Vitamin B2, riboflavin	0.1 mg	1.8 mg	5,6%	2,5%
Vitamin B4, choline	18.1 mg	500 mg	3,6%	1,6%
Vitamin B5, pantothene to-ta	0.636 mg	5 mg	12,7%	5,7%
Vitamin B6, pyridoxine	0.152 mg	2 mg	7,6%	3,4%
Vitamin B9, folate	4 mcg	400 mcg	1%	0,4%
Vitamin E, alpha tocopherol	0.42 mg	15 mg	2,8%	1,3%
Vitamin K, phylloquinone	0.3 µg	120 mcg	0,3%	0,1%
Vitamin PP, picric acid	2.735 mg	20 mg	13,7%	6,1%
Betaine	4.6 mg	-	-	-
Macronutrients
Potassium, K	44 mg	2500 mg	1,8%	0,8%
Calcium Ca	42 mg	1000 mg	4,2%	1,9%
Magnesium	64 mg	400 mg	16%	7,1%
Sodium, Na	7 mg	1300 mg	0,5%	0,2%
Sulfur, S	83.6 mg	1000 mg	8,4%	3,8%
Phosphorus, P	72 mg	800 mg	9%	4%
trace elements
Iron, Fe	2.79 mg	18 mg	15,5%	6,9%
Manganese, Mn	0.14 mg	2 mg	7%	3,1%
Copper, Cu	248 mcg	1000 mcg	24,8%	11,1%
Selenium, Se	16.5 mcg	55 mcg	30%	13,4%
Zinc, Zn	1.56 mg	12 mg	13%	5,8%
Saturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids	0.13 g	Max 18.7 g
16:0 Palmitic	0.111 g	-
18:0 Stearic	0.015 g	-
Monounsaturated fatty acids	0.243 g	Min 16.8g	1,4 %	0,6%
16:2 palmitol	0.001 g	-
18:3 Oleic Omega-9	0.243	-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids	0.421 g	From 11.2 to 20.6g	3,8%	1,7%
18:2 Linoleic	0.408 g	-
18:3 Linolenic	0.013 g	-
Omega-3 fatty acids	0.013 g	0.9- 3.7 g	1,4%	0,6%
Omega-6 fatty acids	0.408 g	4.7-16.8 g	8,7%	3,9%

Amino acids in the composition of corn bran are both a source of nitrogen and carbon, the latter being absorbed from the keto acids formed as a result of the elimination of amino groups. Direct assimilation of amino acids from a nutrient medium containing their complete set and any fermentable sugar is also possible.

As a nutrient medium, up to 4% nitrogen can be obtained from corn extract in relation to 100 g product [10].

CONCLUSION

We mentioned that biodegradable tableware can be consumed after use. And corn bran dishes, have the following beneficial properties for the human body: 1) B vitamins contribute to the proper absorption of nutrients and support the immune system. Thiamine (B1) increases human performance, improves appetite, is responsible for the normal activity of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Pantothenic acid (B5) prevents the development of malignant tumors and is involved in the synthesis of adrenal hormones. Folic acid (B9) regulates hormonal processes in the female body and is involved in the formation of red blood cells. Its presence in the body is especially important during pregnancy; 2) Fiber is good for the intestines - it prevents the absorption of glucose, normalizing blood sugar levels. It also increases intestinal patency, helping to get rid of constipation, which often bothers women during pregnancy and fans of strict diets; 3) Unsaturated fats reduce the amount of bad cholesterol and strengthen the heart and blood vessels. Monounsaturated fatty acids reduce the risk of cancer and normalize glucose levels. Polyunsaturated fats support the beauty of hair, nails and skin [8].

The raw materials are first compressed under a press with hot air and turned into plates, cups, forks and knives. From one ton of bran comes 10 thousand plates. Moreover, the dishes turn out to be quite solid, you can also heat food in it, use it for hot or cold, liquid or solid food. It is proved that biodegradable tableware based on corn bran at a temperature of 55-70 C and a humidity of 45-60%, the disintegration of dishes occurs within 30-31 days. This disposable plastic plate will take 500 years to decompose. (1-pic.) [9].

Figure 1. Disposable biodegradable tableware

Given the diversity and three-time sowing of corn varieties in our irrigated fields only to obtain corn flour (as well as starch) and silage, we want to offer the processing of secondary raw materials of corn bran for the production of biodegradable tableware, as raw materials with a low cost, with an organoleptic chemical composition useful for the human body. That is why we would like to offer the production of absolutely harmless, environmentally friendly, biodegradable tableware based on corn bran and corn starch as a substitute for disposable plastics from oil refining.

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