THE EVOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN POLICY IN AFGHANISTAN (THE HISTORICAL RELATIONS OF RUSSIA WITH AFGHANISTAN)

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to examine the historical relations between the two friendly countries of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Afghanistan's geography throughout history has always been in the midst of disputes and conflicts between empires. This country emerged as an independent political unit in the center of Asia in 1747. It has maintained its diplomatic relations with the countries of the world. Russia is also considered as one of the friendly countries of this country, which has a long history of diplomatic relations, which began in 1764 during the reign of Queen Catherine II and Ahmad Shah Abdali. In the 20th century, during the reign of Shah Amanullah Khan, these relations became very close.The parties between the allies signed the treaty and diplomatic relations between Russia and Afghanistan were established on June 10, 1919. With the open and covert interventions of England and America, the friendship of these two countries could not be harmed.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Целью данного исследования является изучение исторических отношений между двумя дружественными странами Афганистаном и Советским Союзом. География Афганистана на протяжении всей истории всегда была местом споров и конфликтов между империями. Эта страна возникла как самостоятельная политическая единица в центре Азии в 1747 году. Она сохранила дипломатические отношения со странами мира. Россия также считается одной из дружественных стран этой страны, имеющей долгую историю дипломатических отношений, начавшихся в 1764 году во время правления царицы Екатерины II и Ахмад-шаха Абдали. В XX веке, во время правления шаха Амануллы-хана, эти отношения стали очень тесными. Стороны между союзниками подписали договор, и 10 июня 1919 года были установлены дипломатические отношения между Россией и Афганистаном. При открытом и скрытом вмешательстве Англии и Америки, дружба этих двух стран не могла пострадать.

Keywords: Afghanistan, Soviet Union, Russian, relations, historical, Geographical.

Ключевые слова: Афганистан, Советский Союз, Россия, отношения, исторические, географические.

INTRODUCTION

General characteristic of Scientific and research article with the growth of technology and the expansion of relations between nations and increase cultural and economical between them establishment of relationships between governments, making the relationship between government and the official channels, it seems to be inevitable. Because this example is important in this direction, that the process of globalization, with passing each year speed will take more on itself find better attention. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the Russian Federation, they are one of the countries that had formal and informal relations since ancient times together. Geographical proximity of the two countries to have created the strong and friendly relations among them the history of relations and interactions between Russia and Afghanistan - which was before the collapse of the Soviet Union the Soviets were neighbors with each other - dating back to the 15th century. Two relationships the country has continued from the beginning until today despite various ups and downs It is at the highest level to the Until the military presence of Afghanistan by the Soviet forces in the distance. It lasted from 1979-1989.The Relevance of the research is related to the fact that the people and governments of Afghanistan and Russia emphasized on having friendly relations between the two countries, but problems also emerged in this way The Soviet military presence on Afghanistan and the cultural are special cases of this difficulty. But still these difficulties with passing each year the Afghan government and Russia have protected their friendly relations between the two countries.

The Geographical location of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is an ancient country, according to the words of historians, historical sources and geography, the names and signs and other vital characteristics of the people attributed to the ancient state of Afghanistan are very long and ancient, and it goes back to the historical time more than 5000 years BC. This ancient country has been referred to by three great and famous historical names over the centuries Ariana, Khorasan, and Afghanistan. Ariana, that was placed on this land since the establishment of the Aryans in the West, did not remain until later and changed its place to a new name, Khorasan. The name of Khorasan, which was placed on this land from the time of the Yaftali onwards, has been used in every age and time. According to the politics and powers of the sultans and rulers, this system was variable and sometimes contained a few limited cities and covered vast areas at times [1]. After the decline of the Naderafshar Turkmen Empire in 1747, due to the action of Ahmad Shah Durani, the old Ariana or Khorasan of the Islamic era finally became known as its new name, Afghanistan, in the framework of the central political geography [2] , Afghanistan is known in international literature as "Strategic Road", "Road of Empires", "Crossroads of Silk Road", "Roof of the World", "Gateway of India" due to its geographical location and political history events. Eastern Gate of the Islamic World", "Civilizations" Intersection, "World Trade Center" and "Heart of Asia”. Afghanistan is located in the middle of four different cultures and lives, namely South Asia, the Middle East, Central Asia and the Far East, and this geographical location has made it the dynamic center of the region and the world [3]. Afghanistan, which is located in South Asia, has a mountainous and rugged topography. It is bordered by Iran (936 km) to the west, Pakistan (2430 km) to the east and southeast, China (76 km) to the northeast, Turkmenistan (744 km), Uzbekistan (137 km) and Tajikistan (1206 km). Is. North.6 The country has the longest land border while its neighbors are Pakistan and Tajikistan, it is the neighbor with the shortest land border of China [4]. Afghanistan's geographical contiguity and common border with the three countries of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in Central Asia, which according to Russia's political-security strategy are known as the near foreign borders and vital interests of this country, has given Afghanistan an important place in Russia's foreign and security policy. Based on this, the most important priority of Russia in relations with Afghanistan is generally mentioned as the issue of security, which, of course, has a significant connection with the geopolitical approach of the Russians in the region and the world [5].

THE EVOLUTION OF THE RUSSIAN POLICY IN AFGHANISTAN

The historical relations of Russia with Afghanistan

One of the basic approaches countries for secure or protect their interests in historically has been relations with other countries and powers. This is particularly important in this sense that many of the conquerors to capture and elimination campaign has been done in other countries, and it has a lot of importance.

Afghanistan, like other countries, after the formation of the government in the GIS (Geographic nonspecific before 19th century and later in certain geographies) and with some countries have been peaceful relations and possibly non-peaceful. Afghanistan's relations with the Russian Federation defined in the framework some steps had been peaceful and some other process had not been peaceful [6] ,In addition, the relations between Russia and Afghanistan have been always under the influence of some side effects in some of these factors has caused the governments of the two countries, regardless of their political, economic capacity, showing a great desire to expand their relationships, or contrary to restrict making it a try [7] , The political relations between Russia and Afghanistan have been and at the authorities and people of the two countries against each other, historically due to the political situation in the world and regional games many ebbs and flows. Especially since Russia relations during the last two centuries has been one of the centers of political power, economic and military world, and Afghanistan is also due to its geographical position has been always considered the world powers, has taken greater complexity at self. At some point in history, Russia was trying to keep Afghanistan from being under political influence Britain and in the other place with all powers, endeavored to restore his ideological empire the country and now also by strengthening democracy and withdrawal of foreign troops from his country's relations with Russia's interests. Therefore, bilateral relations have been always kind of political situation in the region and in particular the global and regional political games influenced, even at the impact of these issues on bilateral relations and issues of more than local capacity of the country [8].The first formal dialogue accomplished with coming of Russian delegation at the time of Timor Shah Rukh in Herat between the government based in this land and government that govern in the territory of the Russian. The delegation's trip accomplished about five centuries ago, and that was the first official delegation visited the rule of the two countries. Then in the 17th century the Russian delegation visited Hera Afghanistan at the time of Ahmad Shah Durrani [9] , Coming of Captain Vytkvych for talks in Kabul, Amir Dust Mohammad Khan was governor of Kabul and also visiting of Istle’s delegation from Afghanistan accomplished at the time of Amir Sher Ali Khan in the next century and after sporadic visits, finally put the base of formal relations between the two countries. The People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the Turkestan Soviet Republic E.E. Bogoyavlensky said in a letter to the Government of Afghanistan of on 27 March 1919 that the Russian Federation "promulgated decrees on land-grabbing policy ignorance of other nations, recognizing the independence of Russia's neighboring small states and the establishment of good neighborly them and trade relations "and canceled all the king's treaties and agreements, infringing upon the sovereignty of the Afghan [10] , Moreover, Afghanistan has become the first Eastern neighboring state with diplomatic relations. The date of their establishment is considered to be on May 27, 1919, when he was sent to the positive response of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic the message of the Afghan emir of on 7 April 1919 a proposal to exchange diplomatic missions [11]. When Russia has established on February28, 1921 in Moscow, friendly, based on the principle of equality of arms, exactly two years after the declaration of independence of Afghanistan, the two countries signed a treaty of friendship, laid the foundation for many years of good neighborly relations. A distinctive feature of this instrument was that it was the first of its kind concluded by the USSR with the countries of the East, and the first in the modern history of the international act in which the eastern state was seen as an equal partner. During the 1920s - 1930s there were between the two countries have been actively developing political and trade-economic relations. Soviet Union provided substantial assistance to the development of the economy of Afghanistan. Expanded and contractual base of bilateral relations, first of all, due to the agreement on neutrality and mutual non-aggression on August 31, 1926, which was renegotiated on June 24, 1931. Compared with the 1921 treaty it included additional security guarantees from the parties to the intervention of third countries and has become a significant contribution to the strengthening of bilateral relations [12]. During the Second World War, despite the efforts of Germany and the United Kingdom, trying, each in their own interests, to persuade Afghanistan to renounce officially proclaimed on September 3, 1939 the policy of neutrality, Kabul has not changed this position. Moreover, in their reports to Moscow Soviet embassy in Kabul qualified relationship with the country as a "normal and even friendly" However, after the Second World War, Afghanistan, like most countries in the region, became the scene of fierce political struggle leading "players". With the loss of its colonies by Britain and semi and, consequently, influence in the region, the United States strengthened its position there. At the same time, Washington used jointly developed with British foreign policy concept, which resulted primarily in the creation of regional military-political bloc Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). For example, to replace the British "security zone" in southern borders of Russia was established "northern zone defense," the United States. Initially, the Americans planned to include it, and Afghanistan, as evidenced by the Pentagon's treatment of the Afghan government in 1947 on the establishment of the northern regions of the country network of military airfields. Afghanistan is, in general, evasive position, leaving at the same time trying to flirt with the United States, which was reflected, in particular, requests for arms transfers in 1948. However, later the Americans have relied on Iran and Pakistan, each of which Afghanistan had significant differences, especially on territorial issues [13] ,Under these conditions, it intensified the Soviet-Afghan cooperation. Proof of this was the signing of on 17 July 1950 four agreements on trade and payments between the USSR and Afghanistan. However, a significant warming of relations began after the visit of the Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Znaka, N.A Bulgarin and 1st Secretary of the CPSU Khrushchev on December 1955 in Kabul. On December 18 the same year, because of the Soviet government promised aid amounting to 100 melon Dollars. Afghans with the Soviet Union signed a protocol on the extension of the 10 years of the Treaty of Neutrality and Mutual Non-Aggression between the USSR and Afghanistan on June 24, 1931 [14]. In line with the agreements worked out on April 1955 at the Bandung Conference, and in contrast created in the same year, CENTO, the Afghan authorities have opened the country to almost any foreign investment. The largest of its creditors became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the USA and Germany, the Soviet Union has gradually strengthened its positions since the beginning of the 1960s. Afghanistan has become a major foreign partner. The rapid development of the Soviet-Afghan relations in the 1960s - 70s has created in Afghanistan with the assistance of the Soviet Union hundreds of industrial and agricultural facilities. During a visit to Kabul, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Leonid Brezhnev on October 1963 it signed an agreement on Soviet aid in gas production. Thousands of Afghans received during this period education in educational institutions of the Soviet Union. As the Soviet economic and financial aid to Afghanistan has been a tendency to reduce its support of the Western countries [15].  In July 1973 in the wake of social unrest because of the failure of the new policy of the Afghan monarchy in the "democratic experiment" with the support of a coalition of a wide spectrum of political forces to come to power in Afghanistan a cousin of King Mohammad Dawood held in 1953 - 1963 Prime Minister of the country. Consistently following the policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of its southern neighbor, the Soviet Union first recognized the new government. However, despite the renegotiation of on December 10, 1975 the Soviet-Afghan treaty of neutrality and non-aggression the relationship between the two neighbors were formed in this period is not so clear as before, while the connection between Afghanistan and the US and its allies in the region in turn, have warmed. It was at this time the opponents of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),  managed to create a framework to support opposition groups that later formed the backbone of the Afghan Mujahideen movement .Balancing President Mohammad Dawood, who tried to join in its policy elements of the socialist and the capitalist system and to conduct the foreign policy of "equidistance" in the circumstances of the bipolar system of international relations, led, ultimately, to the creation of the military-bureaucratic regime. The head of state has even gone to the repression against those who brought him to power, which ultimately ended in a coup in which he was killed. With the advent of the leadership of the country on April 1978 the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which stood at close ideological positions of the USSR, the Soviet-Afghan cooperation has acquired a truly large-scale character.On December 5 1978 in Moscow signed a treaty of friendship, good neighborliness and cooperation between the USSR and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). In turn, the US government since mid-1978 start systematically explore the potential of creating social conflict along the borders of the Soviet Union and the countries friendly to it in order to "tie the hands" of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and to prevent Afghanistan and then torn apart by revolution, Iran move to the zone of influence of the Eastern bloc. Soon the Soviet leadership began to flow information about a sharp increase in military aid to the Afghan Mujahideen from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, at the initiative of the US role, greater insecurity in Afghanistan under the influence of other countries in the region [16].With the victory on February1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, the Americans decided to use the situation to "draw the Soviet Union into Islamic cause" and "provoke the speech Muslim peoples of the Soviet Union and other states". As the French political scientist-orientalist Zhang Kepel, "turning jihad in Afghanistan, the main task of militant Islamism 1980s. Saudi authorities defend the great American ally, substituting instead the Soviet Union". At the same time, the US has provided diplomatic support to the anti-Soviet actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Afghanistan, which are organically fit into their strategy to enhance the "Islamic belt" the alternative concept of "containment", developed in connection with the withdrawal of Iran from St [17]. On July 3, 1979 US President Jimmy Carter signed the first directive on official direct assistance to the Afghan opposition in order to push the Soviet Union to enter Afghanistan. Before Soviet leadership was a question of the protection of the Soviet borders in the face of the growing threat of Islamic radicalism and separatism, fueled by the United States and a number of other states. Rising tension on the southern borders of the Soviet Union, together with the extension to the Gulf region with the largest group of World War II the US Navy, confirmed the fears of the motives of the Soviet leadership However, multiple-documented to date the evidence suggests that even though the situation is uneasy USSR tried until the last moment to avoid direct intervention in the affairs of Afghanistan. Moreover, the Soviet leadership for almost two years, the Afghan regime denied his repeated requests for military support. The efforts made by the Soviet leadership to on November 1979 show that the Soviet Union was not planning military action and has sought to avoid military solutions. However, direct active support of the United States and other countries to Islamic extremists in the second half of the 1978 Moscow no choice, almost did not leave. Anyway, the whipping up of tensions around Afghanistan and Iran would prejudice the national security of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) threatened to splash separatism and social conflicts along the entire length of the southern borders of the Soviet Union [18]. On the other hand, the Provincial Development Plans, which opposed the motley on national and socio-political composition of the conglomerate Islamic opposition, supported by dozens of countries, and to attempt to in some way involve the Soviet Union in its internal affairs. The party leadership in dealing with the Soviet Union often represents the evolving situation in a distorted manner, deliberately misleading his Soviet partners. In these circumstances, the Soviet leadership decided to intervene in the Afghan conflict on the side of the Provincial Development Plans. At noon on December 25, 1979 the Soviet Union started to introduce troops into Afghanistan. The main objective of "limited contingent" of Soviet troops was to create a "sanitary cordon" at the borders of the Soviet Union under imminent threat of the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in the Soviet Muslim republics - it showed the character of the deployment and the deployment of Soviet troops and the strategy and tactics their actions during the conflict. However, the Soviet Union and after the military presence of in Afghanistan continued to seek opportunities for political resolution of Afghan conflict, since August 1981 he was trying to ensure the negotiation process of the lottery with Pakistan and Iran, on April 1986 - to promote the systematic policy of national reconciliation  [19].These efforts were unsuccessful on April 14, 1988 in Geneva, with the active participation of our country between the Republic of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, agreements have been concluded on a political settlement around Afghanistan, and the State guarantees are officially made the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result of the agreements reached in the period from on 15 May 1988 (the date of entry into force) on February15, 1989 it was carried out the withdrawal of Soviet troops, and all direct and indirect participants in the conflict have committed more than not to provoke a continuation [20].

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that the relations between Afghanistan and the Russian border for years and decades past, but it dates back to hundreds more. The two countries long history of friendly and peaceful relations with each other better use of available learning opportunities to the two countries provided in various dimensions. Although the history of diplomatic relations between the two countries dates back to the 20th century, but formal political and diplomatic relations between the two countries in the late second and early third decade of the 20th century began. When Shah Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan's won independence from Great Britain through a letter to Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Russian Revolution and the country's president, asking him to recognize Afghanistan. Lenin said yes to Shah Amanullah Khan, and as the first country to recognize the independence of Afghanistan and later formal diplomatic relations was formed between the two countries. Since then various fields under diverse conditions and diplomatic relations between the two countries maintain consular dignity. The historical relations between two friendly countries, Russia and Afghanistan, from the beginning of the 20th century to this stage, in various political, economic, cultural, military, and scientific dimensions hide influential links and provide various opportunities for the development of relations around the world.

References:

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