BIOECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

АННОТАЦИЯ

Статья посвящена к изучению биоэкологических особенностей Nigella sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Cuminum cyminum в разных экологических условиях Узбекистана. Проведены анализы всхожести семян, рост и развития растений, семенная продуктивность и влияния внешних факторов на развития растений. По результатам фенологических исследований выявлены отличия сроков фаз вегетационного периода и свое очередь, по морфометрическим параметрам. Исследования проводились в богарных землях (Бахмал, Матмон, Хатирчи) и на Ташкентском Ботаническом саду в 2021-2023 годах. Всхожесть семян составила Nigella sativa 63%, Linum usitatissimum 39,5%, Cuminum cyminum 64,7% посеянных осенью. И свое очередь, отмечено отличия всхожести на весеннем посеве Nigella sativa 56,7%, Linum usitatissimum 68,7%, Cuminum cyminum 57,2%. Оптимальные t⁰ для прорастания семян видов составляют в среднем 15С⁰ и влажность воздуха и в среднем 50%, t⁰ для фазы цветения в среднем 25С⁰ и влажность воздуха и в среднем 30%, а оптимальные t⁰ для формирования семян в среднем 30С⁰ и влажность воздуха в среднем 20%. По показателям урожайности растений, посеянных в разных высотных районах и в разные сроки, наибольшая урожайность Nigella sativa в весеннем посеве составила 2,34 т/га на Ботаническом саду. Наибольшая урожайность в богарных землях составила 2,13 т/га на Хатирчинском районе. Эти показатели составили 3,21-2,54 т/га на осеннем посеве. Наибольшая урожайность Linum usitatissimum при весеннем посеве 1,38 т/га в Ботаническом саду, а в богарных землях Хатирчинском районе 1,12 т/га. В осеннем посеве эти показатели составили 0,97-0,69 т/га. По урожайности Cuminum cyminum при весеннем посеве, наибольшие показателе составила 1,01 т/га в Ботаническом саду. В богарных землях на Хатирчинском районе 0,84 т/га. Эти показатели в осеннем посеве составили 1,32-1,38 т/га.

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the study of bioecological features of Nigella sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Cuminum cyminum in different ecological conditions of Uzbekistan. Seed germination, plant growth and development, seed productivity and the influence of external factors on plant development were analyzed. According to the results of phenological studies, differences in the timing of the phases of the growing season and, in turn, in morphometric parameters were revealed. Research was carried out in rainfed lands (Bakhmal, Matmon, Xatirchi) and in the Tashkent Botanical Garden in 2021-2023. Seed germination was Nigella sativa 63%, Linum usitatissimum 39,5%, Cuminum cyminum 64,7% sown in autumn. And, in turn, there were differences in germination in the spring sowing of Nigella sativa 56,7%, Linum usitatissimum 68,7%, Cuminum cyminum 57,2%. Optimal t⁰ for germination of species seeds is on average 15C⁰ and air humidity and an average of 50%, t⁰ for the flowering phase is on average 25C⁰ and air humidity and an average of 30%, and optimal t⁰ for seed formation is on average 30C⁰ and air humidity is on average 20%. According to the yield of plants sown in different high-altitude areas and at different times, the highest yield of Nigella sativa in spring sowing was 2,34 t/ha in the Botanical Garden. The highest yield in rainfed lands was 2,13 t/ha in Xatirchi district. These figures amounted to 3,21-2,54 t/ha for autumn sowing. The highest yield of Linum usitatissimum during spring sowing is 1,38 t/ha in the Botanical Garden, and in the rainfed lands of the Xatirchi district 1.12 t/ha. In the autumn sowing, these figures amounted to 0,97-0,69 t/ha. According to the yield of Cuminum cyminum during spring sowing, the highest rate was 1.01 t/ha in the Botanical Garden. In rainfed lands in Xatirchi district 0,84 t/ha. These indicators in the autumn sowing amounted to 1,32-1,38 t/ha.

Ключевые слова: Cuminum cyminum, Linum usitatissimum, Nigella sativa, интродукция, биоэкология растений, богарные земли, Ботанический сад, Узбекистан.

Keywords: Cuminum cyminum, Linum usitatissimum, Nigella sativa, introduction, plant bioecology, rainfed lands, Botanical Garden, Uzbekistan

Introduction

Climate change is changing the pattern of biodiversity around the world, among the key responses to spatial and seasonal changes in ambient temperature are changes in phenology, i.e. changes in seasonal life cycle events. At mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, spring events usually occur. earlier, while autumn events occur later, mainly due to rising temperatures. In general, responses are expected to be faster and more distinct the higher the latitude or altitude, i.e. the lower the mean temperatures [1].

Recently, global climate change has accelerated significantly, which has opened up the opportunity for mankind to increase the biological diversity of cultivated crops by introducing heat-loving crops in more northern latitudes [2].

Nigella sativa L. representative of the Ranunculaceae family, a well-known medicinal and spicy-aromatic plant. It has other names: black cumin, kalindzhi, seiden, sedena, Roman coriander, bread cumin, etc. It is an annual herbaceous plant with an upright, branched, light green, slightly bluish stem, 20 to 70 cm high. The leaves are twice-, thrice pinnate dissected with numerous linear segments. Flowers solitary, regular, bisexual, 2-4 cm in diameter. The sepals are blue, the corolla consists of 5-6 petals of nectaries. Anthers blunt, slightly pointed. The fruit is a swollen multi-leafed leaflet, usually from 3 to 7. The seeds are small, trihedral, wrinkled-tuberous, black. They contain from 20 to 49% fatty oil, 0.8-1.5% essential oil, lipazunigedase enzyme, saponins, nigellin glycoside, thymoquinone, tannins and bitter substances, alkaloids, aromatic hydrocarbons [3].

The main pharmacological studies were carried out in well-known research centers in Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Israel, and the USA, which confirmed the unique healing properties of nigella. It has been established that the seeds and the oil obtained from them have numerous pharmacological properties, including: analgesic, antiatherosclerotic, antihyperlipidemic, antifungal, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, bronchodilator, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, anthelmintic, choleretic, immunomodulatory, hemostatic, pulmonary protective , diuretic, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, analgesic, antiallergic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antitumor, reparative, laxative, hypnotic, antispasmodic, tonic. Black cumin oil is a source of essential oils and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have the following effect in the body: protect cells from damage, improve the metabolism of brain cells, have a stimulating effect on the bone marrow, normalize blood viscosity and other indicators. Nigella preparations are effective in the treatment of opioid and nicotine addiction [4].

In the flora of Uzbekistan, there are two species of the genus Nigella: Nigella bucharica Schipcz.) and Nigella integrifolia Regel [5].

Purposeful studies on the study of the bioecological features of Nigella sativa were carried out by L.A. Gabibullaeva in the conditions of Dagestan. In the studies, the structure of the variability of the traits of seed productivity of a plant was evaluated as the basis of their resource potential during cultivation, aimed at organizing the effective resource use of N. sativa samples in the mountainous conditions of Dagestan [6].

Linum usitatissimum L. a representative of the Linaceae family, is a valuable industrial crop with many uses. In world agricultural production, the area under its crops is 2.5-3.2 million hectares, and the gross seed harvest reaches 1,9-2,7 million tons. [7]. It is an annual herbaceous plant with a shallow root system. The common names flax and flaxseed are used in North America and Asia respectively for L. usitatissimum. Oilseed varieties and fibrous varieties are a specialized development of this species [8].

The uniqueness of L. usitatissimum oil lies in the high content of polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid, which is part of almost all cell membranes, is an essential fatty acid in the human diet, is involved in the regeneration of the cardiovascular system, in the growth and development of the brain [9, 10, 11].

In 2004, flax was grown in 47 countries with a seed production of 1.903 million tons (12). Canada has the highest area and production of flax in the world, followed by China, the US, India and the EU. In 2006, Canada produced 1.014 million tons of flax seed from an area of about 800,000 hectares [13].

L. usitattisimum cultivated as an oilseed or fiber, one of the oldest plants (14). In the Indian subcontinent, the crop is mainly grown as an oilseed over wide areas. However, common flax is one of the most natural and environmentally friendly fiber crops, ranking fourth among commercial fiber crops in the world [15]. Flax fiber is stronger, crunchier and harder to handle as it is a more crystalline polymer of cellulose [16].

Cuminum cyminum L. a member of the Apiaceae family, is an annual plant and is one of the traditional medicinal herbs or spices in Asia, Africa and Europe. The seeds are elongated and oval in shape, similar to fennel seeds. They have an aromatic smell and give a spicy-bitter taste. This makes them a flavoring that is widely used as a condiment in cooking. The therapeutic properties and physiological effects of the aqueous extract, oil, or inorganic compounds isolated from cumin seeds have been extensively studied, including antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic properties. Antidiabetic and antioxidant [17]. However, limited information has been found on the relative physicochemical and functional properties of the cumin seed protein isolate. The properties of proteins are mainly related to their application and functionality. In this aspect, the study of the physicochemical properties and properties of the isolated protein (eg, amino acid composition, molecular weight (MW), protein structure and its potential biological activity) is required to provide a better understanding of its characteristics and potential applications in nutraceuticals. and food industry. To date, there are no relevant studies regarding the production and characterization of isolated protein from cumin seeds [18].

Unfortunately, no specific studies have been noted on the cultivation of N. sativa, L. usitatissimum and C. cyminum in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Since, according to the information of the Customs Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, more than 900 tons of raw materials of these plants are imported annually at a cost of 1 million US dollars. In this regard, it seems important to determine the agrotechnological measures for the cultivation of N. sativa, L. usitatissimum and C. cyminum based on the study of growth and development, flowering biology and seed productivity in different conditions of Uzbekistan.

Materials and Methods

The objects of research are Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae), Linum ussitatissimum L. (Linaceae) and Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiaceae) (fig. 1).

Nigella sativa L.                      Linum ussitatissimum L.

Cuminum cyminum L.

Figure 1. The objects of research

Study areas

The study of the bioecological characteristics of plants was carried out in two conditions: on the rainfed lands of the republic (Bakhmal district of the Jizzakh region, Kitob district of the Kashkadarya region, Xatirchi district of the Navai region) and in the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden. acad. F.N. Rusanov (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Study areas

Bakhmal district is located in the Malguzar district of the Kukhistan district in the south of the Jizzakh region and includes the Malguzar ridge (1606 m a.s.l.). Malguzar is a northwestern spur of the Turkestan Range, about 80 km long, separated from the Turkestan Range by the valley of the Zaaminsu River in the east and the valley of the Sanzar River in the south. The gorge "Gate of Tamerlane" separates Malguzar from the Nurata Range. Arid and semi-arid piedmont and mountain landscapes (except high-mountain ones) are presented here. The vegetation cover of Malguzar is very similar to the vegetation of the northern slopes of the Turkestan Range. As in the Turkestan Range, the foothills are covered with ephemeroid and wormwood-ephemeroid vegetation, the low-mountain belt is formed by forb-couch grass communities and shrub sparse forests, and above 1500 m the juniper belt begins, which are combined with black forest, couch grass and fescue steppes [19].

The Kitob district of the Kashkadarya region is located in the southwestern spurs of the Zerafshan Range on the left bank of the Dzhindydarya River, in the Kitab district of the Kashkadarya region (1852 m a.s.l.).

Xatirchi district is located in the eastern part of the Navoi region (663 above sea level). It borders on Kazakhstan, Jizzakh, Samarkand and Bukhara regions. The north-western part of the region is occupied by the Kyzylkum plateau, the Nurata mountain ranges stretch in the east, the south of the region is bordered by the Zerafshan River. The climate is sharply continental, desert, arid. The main river of the Zarafshan region.

The Tashkent Botanical Garden is located in the north-eastern part of the city of Tashkent (height above sea level is 473.3 m). The Tashkent Botanical Garden is the largest in the Central Asian region, and in Uzbekistan it is registered as a unique natural site. Its area of 68 hectares of land is divided into 5 sections: plants of the East Asian, Indochinese, circumborial (Crimea, Caucasus, Europe), North American and Central Asian floristic regions. Our research was carried out on the experimental site of the laboratory "Introduction of medicinal plants" of the Tashkent Botanical Garden [19].

Phenological research

Sowing seeds on rainfed lands was carried out in the first decade of February. The depth of seed placement is 1.5-2 cm, and in Botanical conditions in mid-February. Phenological observations were carried out every 3 days from the beginning of February to the end of June according to the generally accepted method for annual plants [19]. When studying the seed productivity of plants, the methodological manual of T.T. Rakhimova (2009) [20, 21]. The results of the studies were statistically analyzed according to the method of Rokitkiy (1973) [22] and processed using the Past 3 program.

Results

During the growing season, phenological observations were carried out in different conditions of the republic. The studied species in the observation period reached the generative stage. In mid-March, the emergence of seedlings is noted, with a difference of 4-5 days. The formation of a rosette of plants is observed in the first decade of April, with a difference of 3-4 days. Accordingly, these differences (terms) are noted in the phases of budding, flowering and fruiting.

The period of development of all studied species at different combinations of humidity and temperature is diverse. Comparative analysis of the relative indicators of seed germination at different sowing dates shows that the percentage of germinating seeds varies widely (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Germination of plant seeds in various conditions of Uzbekistan (%)

Germination of seeds varied depending on the place of cultivation and on plant species from 27% to 84%. If we compare the germination of seeds in different areas of growth between the combined samples, then the indicators decreased from 75,6 to 47,1%. If we compare the germination of seeds by sowing time, significant differences were found in L. ussitatissimum - in the autumn sowing, the germination rate is on average 39,5% and in the spring sowing 68,7%. The percentage of seed germination in various crops of N. sativa and C. cyminum takes an intermediate total (from 57,2% to 63%). In addition, differences in seed germination between the studied areas were revealed. The lowest rates were observed in the Kitob district (47,1%), and relatively high in the Botanical Garden (75,6%).

We compare the germination of seeds on rain-fed lands, the lowest rates were observed in the Kitob district, and relatively high in the Xatirchi district. To better visualize the differences in seed germination under different conditions and different sowing dates, a cluster analysis was carried out using the Ward method. To calculate the similarities and differences between objects, we used the Manhattan distance (distance of city blocks - City-block (Manhattan)) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. Cluster analysis of similarities and differences in seed germination under different conditions and sowing dates by field germination

Cluster analysis of autumn sowing visually divided the plots into two groups according to germination. The greatest similarity was noted between the sites of Xatirchi and the Botanical Garden. The Kitob and Bakhmal sites are united to the second cluster. Since the distances between groups are small (almost the same).

However, cluster analysis of spring sowing is divided into three groups. The first group - "Botanical Garden" was characteristically where germination and the optimum combination of factors for germination and plant growth were observed. The second group of "Xatirchi" had been allocated separately, for the fact that these conditions were typical for rainfed lands. The third group included "Bakhmal and Kitob" plots, which were characterized by the most limiting conditions for seed germination.

Length of the growing season

According to the results of phenological studies, differences in the timing of the phases of the growing season and, in turn, in morphometric parameters were revealed. The appearance of buds in species under the conditions of introduction is observed in the first ten days of May, sometimes in the middle of May, depending on the weather conditions of the year.

The earliest flowering in N. sativa was recorded on May 18, the latest on May 29. Fruiting occurs in early June - late June. The end of the growing season is observed in late June - early July. The duration of vegetation in rainfed areas is on average 130-135 days, and also in the Botanical Garden 135-145 days. The earliest flowering in L. usitatissimum was noted on May 15, the latest on May 27. Fruiting occurs in early June - late June. The end of the growing season is observed in late June - early July. The duration of vegetation in rainfed areas is 134-138 days, and in the Botanical Garden 140-145 days. The earliest flowering in C. cyminum was recorded on May 20, the latest on May 28. Fruiting occurs in early June - late June. The end of the growing season is observed in late June - early July. The duration of the growing season in rainfed areas is 134-138 days, and in the Botanical Garden 140-145 days (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Rhythm of plant development in different conditions of Uzbekistan

In contrast to the rhythm of development of N. sativa and C. cyminum in terms of periods of plant ontogeny, L. usitatissimum passes through the immature (im) stage. At this stage, there is a rapid growth of underground organs (roots) of plants, characterized by a sharp increase in the number of leaves. At this stage, the average length of the plant is 10-15 cm (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Rhythm of development of L. usitatissimum in different conditions of Uzbekistan.

The appearance of buds in plants under conditions of introduction is observed in the first ten days of May, sometimes in mid-May, depending on the weather conditions of the year. The height of L. usitatissimum at this time reaches almost the same in rainfed lands, as it ranges from 30 to 36 cm, and in the Botanical Garden 45-48 cm. During flowering, the height of N. sativa in rainfed lands varies from 30 to 35 cm, and in the Botanical Garden these figures are much higher, from 42-45 cm. These figures in C. cyminum in rainfed lands are from 31-34 cm, and in the Botanical Garden 35-38 cm (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Flowering phase of plants in different conditions of Uzbekistan

Under the conditions of Botanical N. sativa and C. cyminum, seeds are formed in the third decade of June, and in rainfed lands this period is shifted to earlier periods (4-6 days). The term for the formation of seeds is about 10-12 days. About 75-90 pieces are formed in each box of N. sativa. seeds, in the amount of 0,1-0,2 mm, and in C. cyminum 50-100 pcs. seeds, in the amount of 0.1-0.2 mm. Fruiting in L. usitatissimum in rainfed areas is observed in early June, and in the Botanical Garden in the second decade of June. The term for the formation of seeds is about 8-11 days. About 10-15 pieces are formed in each box. seeds, in the amount of 0,1-0,2 mm (Fig. 8).

Figure 8. Fruiting of plants in different conditions of Uzbekistan

The coefficient of seed productivity of N. sativa (CSP%) of one plant averages 75,7±1,64 in the conditions of the Botanical Garden, and in rainfed lands: in the Bakhmal district 72,3±1,85; Kitob district 71,2±1,88; Xatirchi district 72,4±1,84. C. cyminum (CSP%) of one plant averages 82,8±1,29 in the conditions of the Botanical Garden, and in rainfed lands: in the Bakhmal district 73,8±1,62; Kitob district 71,7±1,68; Khatyrch district 74,7±1,59. L. usitatissimum (KSP%) of one plant averages 79,4,±4,00 in the conditions of the Botanical Garden, and in rainfed lands: in the Bakhmal district 76,8±4,33; Kitob district 74,2±4,54; Xatirchi district 76,5±4,28. This is due to the difference in climatic factors in four conditions (relative humidity, t0-air, t0- soil surface temperature) and the degree of weed coverage (Fig. 9.).

Figure 9. Seed productivity of plants in different conditions of Uzbekistan

In turn, biometric indicators were analysed for ten replications (n=10) of plants during fruiting, such as plant height, shoot length of the 1st order, rosette length, number of rosettes, bolls diameter, etc. The highest indicators were respectively noted in the conditions of the Botanical Garden and the lowest in rainfed lands in the Kitob region (Table 1).

Table 1.

Biometric indicators of a plant during fruiting in different conditions of Uzbekistan (n=10)

Indicators on rainfed conditions, it was revealed that the main influencing factors on plant productivity are weeds. Since, in terms of indicators, the territory of the Kitob district is the lowest.

According to the indicators of seed productivity of plants planted at different times, the productivity coefficient of N. sativa is higher in autumn planting (79,5% on average), L. usitatissimum is higher in spring planting (76,8% on average), C. cyminum is higher in autumn planting (average 80,8%).

When analysing the results obtained by species, the lowest indicators of seed productivity of N. sativa during spring and autumn sowing were found in the conditions of the Kitob region (SPC 71,2-70,7%). Accordingly, the SPC in L. usitatissimum (69,2-62,2%) and in C. cyminum (71,7-70,7%) in both sowing periods in the Kitob region were the lowest (Table 2).

High rates in rainfed lands were noted in the Xatirchi district. According to the analysis of the correlation of seed productivity at the time of sowing, in the autumn sowing, the highest rates were noted for C. cyminum (SPC 87,1%) and the lowest for L. usitatissimum (SPC 72,1%).

These indicators were noted on average in the Bakhmal district, where it was noted during the spring sowing of SPC in N. sativa 72,3%, L. usitatissimum 75,9% and C. cyminum 73,8%.

Table 2.

Seed productivity of plants planted at different times in different conditions

Discussion

For better visualization of the obtained results on growing plants in different conditions and at different sowing dates, an analysis of r-Rearson correlations was carried out. For this, the parameters of sowing time, weed coverage, air temperature and relative air humidity of the territory were selected (Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Correlation between factors and sowing dates when growing plants

According to the analysis of the correlation between factors and the timing of sowing when growing plants, it was noted that, in all studied species, there is a strong inverse relationship in terms of weed coverage. A strong direct relationship was noted in terms of sowing, especially in C. cyminum and L. usitatissimum. A weak inverse relationship is highlighted with air humidity. A weak direct relationship is noted for air temperature. In addition, according to the correlation coefficients, it was revealed that N. sativa became intermediate in terms of sowing and, in turn, C. cyminum and L. usitatissimum Strong direct relationship in terms of sowing.

Conclusion

Germination of seeds varied depending on the place of cultivation and on plant species from 27% to 84%. If we compare the germination of seeds in different areas of growth between the combined samples, then the indicators decreased from 75,6 to 47,1%. If we compare the germination of seeds by sowing time, significant differences were found in L. ussitatissimum - in the autumn sowing, the germination rate is on average 39,5% and in the spring sowing 68.7%. The percentage of seed germination in various crops of N. sativa and C. cyminum takes an intermediate total (from 57,2% to 63%). In addition, differences in seed germination between the studied areas were revealed. The lowest rates were observed in the Kitob district (47,1%), and relatively high in the Botanical Garden (75,6%).

The highest productivity coefficient was noted in the conditions of the Botanical Garden. This is due to the difference in climatic factors, such as air temperature, air humidity and the amount of annual precipitation. Fruit ripening correlates with the process of seed formation.

According to the analysis of the obtained results, it is recommended to sow N. sativa in autumn, and C. cyminum and L. usitatissimum in spring.

Thus, the results obtained showed that it is possible to grow N. sativa, C. cyminum and L. usitatissimum in the rainfed areas of our republic in order to obtain high-quality raw materials for plants. The research results are recommended for use by farms when growing plants in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Acknowledgements

The authors receive no external funding for this research. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, for supporting scientific projects in the field of introduction of medicinal plants.

Authors' contributions

All the authors together conducted fieldwork, data collection, data analysis, data generation and manuscripts. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Ethical issues: None.

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