AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE SPEED INDICATORS OF BOXERS

ABSTRACT

Our aim was to study the age-related changes occurring in the musculoskeletal system of boxers, and, on the basis of the results obtained, identify that age period, which is a turning point in terms of the state of the musculoskeletal system. Proceeding from the fact that the speed and speed of reactions are the decisive qualities in boxing to achieve this goal. We have studied such parameters as: the latent period of the motor reaction, taking into account the age of the athletes, as well as the frequency of elementary movements.

After analyzing the results obtained, it turned out that the latent period of motor reactions naturally changes with age. In particular, among athletes 20-22 years old, it reaches an optimal value, after which it has a tendency. to growth and at the age of 27-30 years, it statistically significantly increases. The maximum frequency of elementary movements also changes with age, and reaches its maximum indicator at the age of 20-22 years, after which its deterioration begins, which is clearly visible by 27 -30 years old. Based on these data, it can be assumed that 30 years is a turning point. After which the physical indicators (in our case, the speed of the motor reaction) do not allow the athlete to perform at professional competitions without harm to health.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Нашей целью было изучить возрастные изменения, происходящие в опорно-двигательном аппарате боксеров, и на оснований полученных результатов выделить тот возрастной период, который является переломным в плане состояния опорно-двигательного аппарата. Исходя из того, что скорость и быстрота реакций является решающими качествами в боксе для достижения поставленной цели, нами были изучены такие параметры как: латентный период двигательной реакций с учетом возраста спортсменов, а также частота элементарных движений.

После анализа полученных результатов выяснилось, что скрытый период двигательных реакций закономерно изменяется в связи с возрастом. В частности, у спортсменов 20-22-х лет достигает оптимальной величины, после чего имеет тенденцию к росту и в возрасте 27-30 лет он статистически достоверно увеличивается. максимальная частота элементарных движений так же изменяется вместе с возрастом. И своего максимального показателя достигает в возрасте 20-22 лет, после чего начинается ее ухудшение, что хорошо видно уже к 27-30 годам. На оснований этих данных можно предположить, что 30 лет является переломным возрастом, после которого физические показатели (в нашем случае скорость двигательной реакций) не позволяют спортсмену без ущерба для здоровья выступать на профессиональных соревнованиях.

Keywords: latent period of reactions, boxing, age, fitness.

Ключевые слова: скрытый период реакций, бокс, возраст, тренированность.

The specific features of boxing - high physical and emotional stress, require planning and organization of the training process at a fairly high level. Modern boxing competitions, especially at large tournaments, place high demands on the athlete in terms of endurance, speed of reaction, technique, tactics and volitional qualities. Preparation for such competitions presupposes a long and purposeful training process and its effective implementation strongly depends on the correct organization of the training regime, [1; 6; 7].

By its nature, boxing belongs to situational sports, which are associated with continuous response to constantly changing conditions and rapidly changing forms of movement. And this, in turn, requires a quick rearrangement of coordination relations in the central nervous system [1].

Intensification of boxers' training and a significant increase in the level of training and competitive loads urgently requires the development and implementation of technologies that ensure the optimization of the training process without a significant volume and intensity of physical loads. This circumstance is especially important in the training of older athletes.

The problem of training senior boxers is one of the most important in practical terms and one of the most difficult in theoretical terms. The complexity of this problem is determined by the versatility of the components that determine the sports training of athletes, taking into account their age. (2.5). It is especially difficult to solve such problems in such a sport as boxing, in which the mutual influence of physical and mental factors is determined by motor complexity, tactical unpredictability and high emotional stress.

Boxing (especially professional) requires an athlete to have the highest level of functional state of the sports-motor apparatus, central nervous and autonomic systems. Otherwise, based on the specifics of boxing, practicing this kind of sport is inappropriate not only due to the possible lack of a sports result, but also in terms of maintaining the athlete's health, [3; 7;8;9;10].

Taking into account the above, our goal was to study age-related changes occurring in the musculoskeletal system of boxers, and on the basis of the results obtained, to single out the age period that is critical in terms of the state of the musculoskeletal system at a level that allows without prejudice to the athlete's health engage in competitive boxing.

Material and research methods

The studies were carried out on male athletes of various ages and qualifications. With their help, in the conditions of training and competition, as well as with the use of various laboratory tests, we studied the complexes of such physiological indicators as the latent period of simple and complex motor reactions and the maximum frequency of elementary muscle movements.

Determination of the latent period of the motor reaction: Determination of the latent period of the motor reaction to a simple and complex stimulus in different age groups was carried out in 60 athletes who were divided into four age groups; 8-10, 15-16, 20-22 and 27-30 years old. Each group consisted of 15 athletes.

For measurements, a system designed by us was used, one of the main components of which was a high-frequency electric stopwatch with a measurement accuracy of up to thousandths of a second. The scheme of the experiment was as follows: the experimenter, on his remote control, by pressing a special button, light an electric light bulb. The subject also has a remote control with buttons on which, in response to the light coming on, he must press the button as quickly as possible. In the course of carrying out these simple operations on an electric stopwatch, the latent period of the motor response to the conditioned stimulus is recorded.

In the second, more complex set of experiments, several bulbs were used, the distance between which was equal to one meter. In this variant of the experiment, the subject does not know which lamp will be lit by the experimenter, but immediately after the lamp comes on, he must immediately press the button. And in this case, the reaction time is recorded by an electric stopwatch. Similar options are provided for determining the latent period of the motor reaction of the lower extremities, however, instead of a remote control with buttons, the subject uses a special pedal, which is pressed by the right or left foot.

Establishing the maximum frequency of muscle movements: The maximum frequency of muscle movements of a person is investigated with the motor activity of various muscles, including the example of finger movements.

Our task was to establish the maximum frequency of muscle movements of an athlete in relation to his age and qualifications. For this purpose, we have made an electric meter that automatically counted the number of finger presses on the button for 10 seconds. All movements were carried out with the index finger with a maximum amplitude. The ability to maintain the maximum frequency of movements for a long time was determined by the difference of this indicator in the intervals between the first and tenth 10-second recorded maximum frequency of movements. In other words, the athlete presses the button with his finger at a maximum frequency for 110 seconds. The indicators of the first 10 seconds were compared with the indicators recorded in the 100-110 second interval.

Age-related studies were conducted on 60 novice athletes of various ages, which were subdivided into the following 6 age groups: 7-8, 10-11, 13-14, 16-17,  20- 22 and 27-30 years old.

Each athlete was presented with at least 10 samples. The observation was carried out for 6 months, in laboratory conditions.

Results and their maintenance

In athletes 15-16 years old, the indicator of the latent period of the motor reaction compared with children 8-10 years old sharply decreased and for the right hand was 0.182 + - 0.010e, and for the left - 0.177+ -0.010e, and for the left - 0.177+ - 0E012 with. In athletes aged 20-22, a further decrease in the latent period of the motor reaction was observed, which was practically the same for both hands and equaled 0.165+ _0.015 and 0.165+ _0, .010s. For athletes of 27-30 years old we are dealing with an increase in the duration of the latent period; for the right hand, this indicator is 0.217 + _0.012 s, and for the left hand - 0.207 + _0.010 s. As it turned out, the latent period of a simple motor reaction decreases with age until a certain time and reaches a minimum by the age of 20-22, and then, with increasing age (27-30 years), it gradually increases.

Figure 1. Latent period of the motor reaction of boxers of different age groups

Figure 1 shows the motor activity of the latent period of a simple motor reaction in athletes of different ages. As can be seen from the figure, in children aged 8-10 years, the latent period of a simple motor reaction with the left hand averaged 0.258+ -0.05 sec, and with the right hand - 0.240+ -0.045 sec.

In the case of the experiment with the lower extremities, the latent period of the motor reaction is significantly increased. So, in children of 8-10 years old, the latency of a simple motor reaction of the right leg was 0.326+ - 0.012 sec, and with the left leg - 0.294 + -0.02 sec.

Similar data were obtained on athletes 15-16 years old, in whom the latent period of simple motor reactions, carried out by the lower extremities, is significantly longer than in the upper extremities. As for the data obtained on athletes of 27-30 years old, the latent period of the lower extremities compared to the upper ones was increased to a lesser extent.

During the implementation of complex motor reactions by the upper and lower extremities, the latent period, in connection with age, changed with the same regularity as in the case of simple motor reactions. The latent period of simple motor reactions of the upper extremities in athletes of all age groups is shorter in comparison with the latent period of complex motor reactions.

A comparative analysis of the latent periods of motor reactions, carried out by the upper and lower extremities, showed that the latent periods of both simple and complex motor reactions are shorter for both the right and the left hand in comparison with the lower extremities. We can say that a regularity has been established, which consists in the fact that the latent period of the motor reaction of the upper extremities is always less than the same indicator of the lower extremities. For example, if the latent period of a simple motor reaction of the upper extremities of athletes 20-22 years old was equal to 0.166 + -0.019 sec. in the same subjects, the latent period of the lower extremities increased to 0.200 + -0.010 sec.

It is clearly seen from the results obtained that the latent period of complex motor reactions is always greater. This difference is relatively better seen in children 8-10 years old and with age it gradually decreases at first, and then increases again. For example, the difference between reactions to simple and complex stimuli in children aged 8-10 years was 0.054 + -0.005 seconds. For athletes 15-16 years old, the difference decreased to 0.025 + -0.004; for athletes 20-22 years old, it decreased even more and reached 0.016 + -0.003 sec. After 20-22 years, the difference increased again and in 27-30 years old it was 0.040 + -0.005 sec. The difference between these indicators is statistically significant - p <0.05.

Based on our task, it was also of interest to study changes in the maximum frequency of muscle movements of athletes, depending on their age and qualifications, using the example of finger movements, and to identify the ability to maintain the maximum rate of these movements for a long time. After analyzing the data obtained, we can conclude that the maximum frequency of elementary movements continuously increases with age and reaches a maximum at the age of 20-22 years. So, for example, if in children 7-8 years old the indicator of the maximum frequency of elementary movements is 25 movements in 10 seconds, then at the age of 10 years the indicator quickly freezes and reaches 34 + -5 movements in 10 seconds.

In adolescents 13-14 years old, there is an even more significant increase in this indicator and it reaches 55-59 movements in 10 seconds.