SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN PROBLEM OF THE 21ST CENTURY: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ABSTRACT

The article examines the historical, philosophical and interdisciplinary aspects of artificial intelligence. Azerbaijani researchers consider artificial intelligence as an independent scientific direction based on achievements in the field of mathematics and logic. From a philosophical point of view, the differences and connections between artificial and natural intelligence are widely discussed. The connections between different forms of thinking (perceptual, rational, irrational and supra-rational) are emphasized. The article also outlines five main metaphysical and technological problems associated with the emergence of artificial intelligence.

АННОТАЦИЯ

В статье рассматриваются исторические, философские и междисциплинарные аспекты искусственного интеллекта. Азербайджанские исследователи рассматривают искусственный интеллект как самостоятельное научное направление, основанное на достижениях в области математики и логики. С философской точки зрения широко обсуждаются различия и связи между искусственным и естественным интеллектом. Подчеркиваются связи между различными формами мышления (перцептивным, рациональным, иррациональным и сверхрациональным). В статье также излагаются пять основных метафизических и технологических проблем, связанных с появлением искусственного интеллекта.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, cybernetics, forms of thinking, philosophical approach, human-machine relations.

Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, кибернетика, формы мышления, философский подход, человеко-машинные отношения.

Introduction. To talk about artificial intelligence, one must have some idea of ​​what consciousness and intelligence are, and how all this is organically connected to physical matter and the brain. Among the wide range of questions related to the problem of artificial intelligence, the following have a deep philosophical content: firstly, the possibility of artificial intelligence in general, secondly, does artificial intelligence reflect all the possibilities of human consciousness, and thirdly: what will the creation of artificial intelligence bring to humanity.

Materials and Methods

In this study, a qualitative approach was chosen. A thorough examination of the topic was carried out using both primary and secondary sources. The research employed a document-based data collection method. The primary and secondary sources analyzed in the study were interpreted in relation to the topic, ultimately leading to the study's conclusion.

Artificial intelligence in interdisciplinary research

Azerbaijani researchers R.A. Balayev, M.N. Alizadeh and I.K. Musayev, who view artificial intelligence as a scientific direction with various interdisciplinary research objects, consider it an independent scientific research field formed as a result of achievements in the fields of mathematics and logic: “Although artificial intelligence as a settled field of scientific knowledge was formed in the middle of the 20th century, it is known that the first attempts were made in this field in ancient times and in the Middle Ages. In practice, scientists who have been engaged in this new field of knowledge from the very beginning considered it appropriate to proceed from specific problems for the constructive definition and modeling of thinking and to use the concept of “artificial intelligence” as a mechanism for solving these problems.” [1, p. 6]

Until the 17th century, devices that expressed human intellectual abilities appeared in the history of mankind. The discovery of the circulatory system by the English physician W. Harvey in 1618 was the result of the interaction of classical mechanics and the physiology of that time and was the introduction of a scientific approach to a truly cybernetic system in cybernetic language. In his opinion, the circulatory system was a self-regulating system with the heart as its center. [2, p. 442]

In the 17th century, the first mechanical calculating machine was created. In 1641-1642, Pascal created the first general machine. In 1673-1674, G.W. Leibniz invented the first machine capable of performing multiplication. An indicator of the development of the cybernetic method of thinking was the “thinking” clock of H. Guygens.

In the 19th century, automatic machines and robots appeared. Automatic machines, automatic lines, and machines began to perform complex operations. At that time, the digital calculating machine was invented by C. Babbage. The machine he created in 1824 was the forerunner to modern automatic digital machines. The analytical engine created by C. Babbage in 1833 resembles the first calculating machine.

Alan Turing, the founder of modern computers, expressed his first ideas about artificial intelligence in his 1950 article “Computing Machinery and Consciousness” published in the journal “Mind”, where he talked about a test between a human and a computer, which is called the Turing test. In 1956, at the Darmstadt Spring Conference, Ray Solomonoff called a self-learning machine an “intuitive inference machine”. In robotics, which is closely related to artificial intelligence, intelligent robots were created using it.

Information and communication technologies as the basis of the information society revolutionized society in all spheres of life and man itself. Considering this, in contemporary science it is analyzed the problem of manipulative influence. Particular attention is paid to the description of the main features that make it possible to distinguish manipulation from other types of influence, and the structure of the phenomenon under study. [5, p. 143]

Approaches to artificial intelligence in modern social philosophy

In modern social philosophy, there is no universal definition of artificial and natural intelligence - human thinking. To date, research in the field of artificial intelligence has been carried out in various directions, such as knowledge representation, judgment modeling, knowledge acquisition, machine learning and automatic inference, intelligent data analysis and image information processing, decision support, process and system management, dynamic intelligent systems, planning, etc. The approaches and methods of artificial intelligence that are being developed more actively include the following: Neural networks. Creation of intelligent interface models. Evolutionary computing - covers the problems of self-configuring and self-regulating systems. It is planned to use fuzzy logic more often in hybrid control systems. It is planned to develop methods for analyzing images. In the field of expert systems, attention is focused on supporting decision-making in real time. The growing interest in distributed computing ensures the expansion of computer networks and the balancing of resources. The demand for real-time operating systems is increasing. Manipulators for medical systems, etc.

In modern philosophical literature, in the approach to artificial intelligence, one can come across three main types of thinking: perceptive, rational and irrational types. Here, the supra-rational type of thinking stands out. The rationality of consciousness also has three main evolutionary levels of development: judgmental thinking, rational thinking, and supra-rational thinking. The first is mainly based on simple analytical operations and inductive logic. [3, p. 504] The second is based on complex operations of rational analysis and synthesis, as well as both inductive and deductive logic, and the third is based on a highly physical sensory perception of impersonal and transpersonal information flows.

Today, discussions on the creation of artificial intelligence continue in philosophical literature. In the 20th century, the concept of strong artificial intelligence was introduced by the American philosopher John Searle. In this sense, artificial intelligence is presented not only as a kind of model of intelligence, but as a real intelligence, arguing that there is no fundamental difference between natural intelligence (human) and artificial intelligence (machine).

The criteria for the emergence of artificial intelligence are very complex. There are three alternative approaches here. The first approach: artificial intelligence arises when a computer develops features similar to human behavior. Within the framework of this approach, Alan Turing's famous test acts as a criterion. In this case, if a machine talks to a person, it has true artificial intelligence. It is known that the fact of successfully passing the famous thinking experiment Turing test by John Searle is not a serious criterion for the emergence of a process similar to human thinking. Human thinking includes subjective reality and subjective experience in its semantic, meaningful activity. The second approach is that artificial intelligence arises when a machine develops feelings, emotions, intuition, creativity and other special qualities of human consciousness. The term artificial intelligence was first used by John McCarthy at a seminar held at Stanford University (USA) in the summer of 1956. Artificial intelligence methods are based on two characteristic features:

1. Use of information in the form of symbols (letters, words, phrases, signs, images);

2. Search using symbolic logic.

Matter and consciousness are dialectical modes of ontologically neutral absolute space, inextricably linked to each other. These modes are real physical and psychic forms of manifestation in the form of material forms and virtual states, representing various forms of the information space continent in the process of cosmic evolution. S. Ableyev writes that in order to create artificial intelligence, a person must solve at least five fundamental megaproblems, the essence of which goes beyond modern cognitive and technological capabilities: “The first problem: the reproduction of artificial intelligence requires a deep understanding of all existing and potential capabilities of natural consciousness. The second problem: it is necessary to create a virtual information environment (technical virtual space as a model of psychic virtual space) of the interaction of signals integrated into the global cosmic continuum. The third problem: it is impossible to create spatial and temporal non-locality of the cosmological continuum. The fourth problem: the creation of artificial consciousness implies the creation of a recording system and the almost eternal storage of information arrays at the quantum level, that is, in the space-time continuum of space, without any real carrier. And finally, the fifth problem: true consciousness, and including artificial consciousness, is impossible without the existence of a non-physical semantic space, that is, a subjective reality that reflects, creates, transforms the meaning of perception and conscious experience.” [4, p. 61-65]

The creation of cybernetic thinking plays a key role in the philosophical understanding of the properties of artificial intelligence. At this time, the logical, epistemological and heuristic principles of consciousness, especially intelligence, and generalized analysis are of great interest. Understanding the principles of the organization of intelligence, determining its structure means showing the deep specificity of artificial intelligence. More precisely, it is possible to study the historical, information-technological and epistemological aspects of artificial intelligence directly with the participation of social philosophy.

When comparing natural and artificial intelligence, two sharp philosophical worldviews are confronted. Pessimism and optimism are also inherent in the philosophical interpretation of the development of information and communication technologies. From this point of view, the problem of the interaction of artificial intelligence and cybernetics is studied as an integral part of social progress. In philosophical and cybernetics literature, this issue has an epistemological character. At the same time, they try to rely on the materials of cybernetics. “As can be seen, the theory of artificial intelligence needs metatheoretical, philosophical principles. It is these principles that regulate the purposeful process of the researcher, his value rules”. [2, p. 139]

Sometimes the concepts of "artificial intelligence" and "machine intelligence" are compared. Some researchers consider artificial intelligence, a model of the brain and a higher form of mental activity, to be a model of cybernetics and human interaction between machine intelligence and humans.

Conclusion. Thus, in intelligence, naturalness and artificiality constitute an integral synthesis and unity. In modern philosophy, there is an attempt to separate thinking into qualitatively specific aspects - passive and active intelligence, intelligence and intellect. The theory of cybernetic artificial intelligence is of heuristic importance as a hybrid concept. In its intellectual structure, along with natural and artificial, there is also a judgmental and intelligent intellect. The problem of artificial intelligence is solved by analyzing the relationship between man and machine. Within the framework of cybernetics, the main issue in the mutual relationship between man and machine is that the machine enhances the mental abilities of man.

References:

1. Balayev R.Ə., Əlizadə M.N., Musayev İ. K.İntellektual sistemlər və texnologiyalar, Baki: “Msv Nəşr“ nəşriyyati, 2016,  s.256
2. Pushkin V.G., Ursul A.D. Computer science, cybernetics, intelligence. Philosophical essays. Ufa. 1989, 442 p.
3. Zolkin A.L. Language and Culture in Anglo-American Analytical Philosophy of the 20th Century. Moscow: UNITY, 2005, 504
4. Ableev S. Modeling of consciousness and artificial intelligence: the limits of possibilities. // DELPHIS Publisher: Delphis Charitable Foundation (Moscow) No. 1, 2016, pp. 61-65
5. Bahruz, E.T. (2023). Manipulation as a form of information-psychological war. Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 15(5), 143-150.