STRATEGIC POLICY FOR REFORMS FOR MODERNIZATON AND SOCIAL SECURITY

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of sustainable modernization and social modernization, as well as reforms that affect their development. In the article, the author made an attempt to philosophically comprehend the processes of modernization in society from the standpoint of rationality and its types. The influence of rational and non-rational attitudes on the effectiveness of social modernization is analyzed.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Статья посвящена исследованию понятия устойчивая модернизация и социальная модернизация, а также реформ, влияющих на их развитие. В статье автором предпринята попытка философского осмысления процессов модернизации в обществе с позиций рациональности и ее видов. Проанализировано влияние рациональных и внерациональных установок на эффективность социальной модернизации.

Keywords: sustainable development, social security, reforms, modernization, social modernization.

Ключевые слова: устойчивое развитие, социальное обеспечение, реформы, модернизация, социальная модернизация.

Introduction. The problem of social change is one of the central, fundamental problems of modern philosophy and social sciences. How and why societies change, whether the process of social change is inevitable - these and many other questions related to the problems of social dynamics are widely discussed by specialists in the field of social and humanitarian sciences.

Materials and Methods. In this research, a qualitative method was preferred. A detailed investigation of the topic was conducted within the framework of primary and secondary sources. A document-based data collection technique was used in the research. The primary and secondary sources used in the study were analyzed and interpreted based on the topic, leading to the conclusion of the study.

The paradigm of modernization in the field of social change. The concept of social change is extremely multifaceted and covers the transformation of social structures, practices, the emergence of new or the preservation of old groups, as well as forms of interaction and behavior. Ecological, demographic, technological, economic, political, socio-cultural and socio-psychological changes occur in the social environment (at its various levels - micro-, meso- and macro-levels) at different speeds, scales, complexity and directions. All these countless changes arise as a result of various causes (factors, sources), the hierarchy of which is extremely difficult to restore, since they are numerous and closely related to each other. [5, 37]

Since social changes themselves are very uncertain and multifaceted, they can be studied within the framework of various theoretical and methodological forecasts designed to explain the nature and direction of changes. In modern Russian social science, the most popular are three sociological macrotheories: formational, civilizational and modernization. The interest in the modernization paradigm is largely due to the hope for its cognitive effectiveness in studying the fundamental political, economic and socio-cultural transformations taking place in the country. The modernization paradigm was formed in the mid-20th century with the collapse of European colonial empires and the emergence of numerous "young nations" in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Thus, the young nations faced the problem of choosing the paths of further development. The modernization program itself was proposed to the Third World countries by scientists and politicians from the USA and Western Europe as an alternative to the communist orientation (accelerating the transition from tradition to modernity). In the 1950s and early 1960s, various analytical trends and theoretical traditions united into a single interdisciplinary comparative perspective on development problems, which seemed especially useful for stimulating the evolution of Third World countries. Later, in the second half of the 20th century, within the framework of modernization issues, significant theoretical, methodological and empirical experience was accumulated in studying various aspects, including historical ones, of the transition from a traditional society to a modern, industrial one. At the same time, the modernization paradigm, which was formed largely under the influence of evolutionism and functionalism, has come a long way in development. The modernization perspective is an example of a theory that develops in constant interaction with real development processes, which make adjustments to its content. [1, 14]

Stages of development of the modernization school.

The following stages in the development of the modernization school can be distinguished:

1) The second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s - the period of the emergence and rapid development of modernization studies in their classical version; According to the American political scientist Gabriel Almond, modernization studies were considered "growth industries" until the mid-1960s;

2) The late 1960s - 1970s - a critical period when the prospect of modernization was subjected to significant criticism both at home and abroad;

3) The 1980s - the post-crisis period of the revival of modernization studies, during which tendencies towards convergence of the schools of modernization, dependency and world-system analysis emerged; The English scientist E. Saw calls modernization studies of this period "new modernization studies";

4) Late 1980s – 1990s – the formation of neomodernization and the analysis of postmodernization took place under the influence of the grandiose transformations that took place in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia.

Within the modernization paradigm, many theoretical, methodological and disciplinary approaches have been developed to explain various aspects of development processes. The purpose of this paper is to characterize some of the theoretical and methodological models used in the context of the modernization perspective. This approach allows us to shed more light on the evolution of the modernization paradigm and describe possible prospects for its further development. In the subsequent period, modernization was perceived as an evolutionary process, unfolding in terms of the speed of implementation of "revolutionary" changes.

Evolution took place within certain stages or phases of modernization, through which each society must go. For example, a distinction is usually made between the stages of traditional, transitional and modernized societies; Historian Professor Cyril Black identifies four stages of modernization: 1) the call to modernity - the initial clash of a society characterized by a traditional level of knowledge with modern ideas and institutions, during which supporters of modernization appear; 2) consolidation of the modernizing elite - modernization of leaders in the process of a fierce revolutionary struggle for power, which can usually last for several generations; 3) economic and social transformation - economic growth and social change from a predominantly agrarian, rural way of life to a predominantly urbanized and industrial way of life; 4) integration of society - economic and social transformations create a fundamental restructuring of the social structure of society. [2, 67-68]

The linear model, usually developed on the basis of comparing ideal-typical images of traditionalism and modernization, stimulated discussion of the problem of standard criteria of modernization, which essentially represent two poles. Supporters of the linear model considered these criteria obligatory for all societies that have embarked on the path of modernization. Thus, in one of his early works, the Israeli sociologist Shmuel Eisenstadt formulated a set of features accompanying modernization in relation to various spheres of society. According to Eisenstadt, the socio-demographic aspects of modernization in the social sphere are described quite accurately by the concept of social mobilization. According to the researcher, socio-structural changes include "high differentiation and specialization in relation to the functioning of individual and institutional structures", "separation between various roles performed by individuals, especially between professional and political roles."

Modernization in the economic sphere, according to the scientist, is accompanied by technological growth, stimulated by the systematic application of scientific knowledge. In other words, he represented economic modernization as the development of an industrial system based on high technologies, growing specialization of economic roles and spheres of economic activity, as well as an increase in the scale and complexity of the main areas of economic activity. Eisenstadt identified the following characteristics of modernization in the political sphere: an increase in the territorial scale of political activity due to the strengthening of the power potential of central, legislative, executive and political institutions; continuous "extension of political power to wider masses of the population - to every adult; their inclusion in the consensual moral order." Modernization in the cultural sphere, according to S. Eisenstadt, was characterized by the differentiation of the main elements of cultural-value systems (religion, philosophy, science). [4, 2-5]

Thus, due to the modernization of the state in various spheres, the process of increasing social well-being in society takes place, which is one of the most important components of sustainable development. The first and most important factor determining social well-being and modernization of society is the existence of a social, democratic state. A social state is a legal democratic state that proclaims a person as the highest value and creates conditions for a dignified life of an individual, free development and self-realization of his creative (labor) potential. A dignified life of a person is understood as his material security at the level of standards of a modern developed society, access to cultural values, ensuring the rights to personal security, and free development of a person is his physical, mental and spiritual improvement.

The criteria for assessing the degree of sociality of a democratic state governed by the rule of law are:

- respect for human rights and freedoms;

- implementation of an active and strong social policy;

- ensuring a decent standard of living for the majority of citizens;

- targeted support for the most vulnerable strata and groups of the population, reduction and eradication of poverty;

- ensuring the creation of favorable conditions for the real participation of citizens in the preparation of decisions and public examination at all levels of government and administration;

- compliance with the rights and guarantees that recognize and develop the system of social partnership as the main mechanism for achieving public consensus, as well as the balance of interests of the employee and employer with the regulatory role of the state;

- guarantees that any business entity, any owner must bear a certain social responsibility;

- social justice and social solidarity of society, ensured on the basis of the development of employee ownership, including through the redistribution of income and taxes from the rich to the poor and a greater burden on the most able-bodied members of society; helping people with disabilities;

- gender equality between men and women;

- participation of all citizens in the management of state and public affairs, participation of workers in production management, development of a system of social partnership; - rights and guarantees aimed at strengthening the family, spiritual, cultural and moral development of citizens, especially young people, careful attitude to the heritage of ancestors and continuity of generations, preservation of the originality of national and historical traditions.

In accordance with Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the strategic goal of the welfare state is to ensure to everyone the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. [6]

This is also reflected in Article 16 of the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan: “The Azerbaijani state cares about improving the well-being of the people and each citizen, their social protection and a decent standard of living.” [3, Art. 16]

At the same time, social stability and social protection of citizens in the Republic of Azerbaijan are ensured through successful reforms and state programs. During the years of independence, Azerbaijan has achieved good results in this direction. Social stability and social protection of the population are proclaimed as an indispensable condition for the prosperity of each state and the development of a modern democratic society. In turn, strengthening the stability of society is associated with successful socio-economic modernization carried out within the framework of legal and program reforms. [7]

Conclusion. Thus, the main essence of the country's social modernization implies a radical transformation, a restructuring of the citizens' consciousness - a transition from a dependent mood to an active life position, which is one of the most priority areas of state policy. It should be clearly noted that modernization will be successful if, firstly, it is implemented through the National Concept and the corresponding plan, and secondly, it is based on real economic achievements associated with accelerated industrial and innovative development. No modernization is simply possible without industrial and innovative development.

References:

1. Alekseev V.V., Poberezhnikov I.V. School of modernization: evolution of theoretical foundations // Ural Historical Bulletin. Ekaterinburg, 2000. No. 5-6: Modernization: factors, development models, consequences of changes. P. 8-49
2. Black C.E. The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative History. N.Y.: Harper Colophon Books, 1975. P. 67-68
3. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. November 12, 1995.
4.  Eisenstadt S.N. Modernization: Protest and Change. P. 2-5.
5. Moore W.E. Social Change. Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1974. P. 34-46
6. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.coe.int/az/web/compass/the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-full-version-
7. Yavar, Nushaba Guliyeva. "Russia and Azerbaijan: Aspects of cooperation in the field of education." Revista Conrado 20.96 (2024): 602-609.