An example of annotation formatting

An abstract is a stand-alone, informative text that allows the reader to evaluate the content, scientific novelty, and practical significance of the study without consulting the full text of the article. The abstract should be logically complete, informative, and understandable outside the context of the main text.

The recommended length of the abstract is 150–250 words in Russian. The English abstract should be a correct and complete translation of the Russian version, without abbreviations or semantic differences.

The content of the abstract should reflect the structure of the article and include the following elements:

Relevance of the research - justification of the significance of the topic, formulation of the scientific problem;
The purpose of the study is an indication of the subject, object or research task;
Research methods - description of the approaches, methods and sources used;
Results are the main data obtained, identified patterns and provisions;
Conclusions and practical significance - interpretation of the results, areas of their possible application and scientific value.

The following is not allowed in the annotation:

general and declarative formulations that do not contain specific information (“a current problem is being considered”, “research has been conducted”, etc.);
verbatim repetition of the article title;
references, footnotes and quotations;
undeciphered abbreviations and acronyms;
descriptions of the author's intentions ("the article will consider", "it is planned to show").

The abstract should present the results already obtained and be formulated in the present or past tense.

Examples of annotations

Example 1 (152 words)

Factors of low adherence to anticoagulant therapy in patients with non-valvular atrium fibrillation in outpatient practice

Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder and a significant independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism. Despite the widespread use of direct oral anticoagulants, poor patient adherence to long-term anticoagulant therapy remains a problem, significantly increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with poor adherence to anticoagulant therapy in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in outpatient practice. This single-center, cross-sectional study included 186 patients with verified non-valvular atrial fibrillation, followed in a cardiology office at an outpatient clinic over 12 months. Adherence was assessed using the Morisky-Green scale and pharmacy dispensing records. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that independent predictors of poor adherence included age over 75 years (OR 2.4), polypharmacy of more than 5 medications (OR 3.1), and failure to inform the patient about stroke risk (OR 2.8). Patients who received structured education demonstrated significantly higher adherence after 6 months of follow-up. The results support the need to implement educational programs for patients with atrial fibrillation in outpatient cardiology care.

Example 2 (163 words)

Comparative efficacy and safety of etoricoxib and diclofenac in non-specific low back pain: a randomized trial

Nonspecific low back pain is a leading cause of temporary disability in working-age individuals and is associated with significant direct and indirect economic losses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are first-line treatments for this condition; however, comparative data on their efficacy and tolerability in real-world clinical practice remain limited. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety profile of etoricoxib and diclofenac for nonspecific low back pain in working-age patients. This randomized, open-label study included 120 patients aged 25–55 years. Group 1 received etoricoxib 90 mg once daily, while group 2 received diclofenac 75 mg twice daily for 14 days. The primary endpoint was pain intensity changes using a numerical rating scale on days 7 and 14. Both drugs provided comparable pain relief by day 14, but the etoricoxib group had a significantly lower incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events (8.3% vs. 21.7%, p=0.03). These data confirm the preference of etoricoxib for patients with risk factors for gastropathy.

Example 3 (152 words)

Barriers and Motivators of Women's Participation in Screening for Reproductive Cancers in a Large Industrial City

Reproductive system cancers account for a significant share of cancer incidence in women in Russia, with timely diagnosis determining the prognosis and quality of life for patients. Low coverage of preventive examinations among working-age women remains a key barrier to the early detection of cervical and breast cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that determine women's participation in reproductive system cancer screening programs in a large industrial city. A random sample of 320 women aged 30–60 years living in Yekaterinburg was recruited. A questionnaire, which included questions on health literacy, access to medical care, and subjective assessment of cancer risk, served as the data collection tool. Regular screening participation was associated with higher education, having a regular primary care physician, and awareness of the purposes of preventive examinations. The leading barriers were lack of time (54.3%), fear of results (38.1%), and mistrust of the healthcare system (29.7%). Recommendations have been developed to increase screening coverage, including remote information and the organization of examinations at the workplace.