An example of annotation formatting

An abstract is a stand-alone, informative text that allows the reader to evaluate the content, scientific novelty, and practical significance of the study without consulting the full text of the article. The abstract should be logically complete, informative, and understandable outside the context of the main text.

The recommended length of the abstract is 150–250 words in Russian. The English abstract should be a correct and complete translation of the Russian version, without abbreviations or semantic differences.

The content of the abstract should reflect the structure of the article and include the following elements:

Relevance of the research - justification of the significance of the topic, formulation of the scientific problem;
The purpose of the study is an indication of the subject, object or research task;
Research methods - description of the approaches, methods and sources used;
Results are the main data obtained, identified patterns and provisions;
Conclusions and practical significance - interpretation of the results, areas of their possible application and scientific value.

The following is not allowed in the annotation:

general and declarative formulations that do not contain specific information (“a current problem is being considered”, “research has been conducted”, etc.);
verbatim repetition of the article title;
references, footnotes and quotations;
undeciphered abbreviations and acronyms;
descriptions of the author's intentions ("the article will consider", "it is planned to show").

The abstract should present the results already obtained and be formulated in the present or past tense.

Examples of annotations

Example 1 (171 words)

Green Premium in the Russian Green Bond Market: An Empirical Analysis for the Period 2019–2024

The development of the green bond market is a key instrument for financing sustainable development and economic decarbonization in the context of the global energy transition. The Russian green finance market is in its infancy, and its potential is determined by both macroeconomic conditions and the regulatory environment. The objective of this study is to assess the factors determining the yield of Russian green bonds compared to traditional debt instruments of comparable credit quality for the period 2019–2024. A sample of 34 green bond issues from Russian issuers listed on the Moscow Exchange was compiled. For each issue, paired traditional bonds from the same issuer with similar maturity parameters and coupon structures were selected. The yield spread (green premium) was calculated on the placement date and after 6 and 12 months of issue. A fixed-effects regression analysis revealed that green bonds trade on average 18–24 basis points below their peers, indicating the presence of a sustainable green premium in the Russian market. The premium is positively correlated with verification under the Climate Bonds Initiative standard and listing in the Moscow Exchange's Sustainable Development Sector. The data obtained have practical implications for issuers when making decisions about structuring green financing.

Example 2 (161 words)

FACTORS OF INNOVATION ACTIVITY IN REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: PANEL ANALYSIS FOR 2015–2023

Spatial inequality among Russia's regions remains a key challenge for national economic policy, hindering the achievement of balanced territorial development. Analysis of the factors that drive persistent regional differentiation in terms of innovation activity, a key driver of long-term economic growth, is particularly important. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that determine the innovation activity of Russian regions and assess their relative contribution using panel regression methods. The dataset consists of Rosstat and the HSE Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK) data for 80 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the period 2015–2023. The regional innovation activity index was used as the dependent variable, while the factors included research and development expenditures, the number of personnel engaged in research, the level of digitalization of the economy, and the quality of human capital. The assessment was conducted using a fixed-effects panel regression method, using the Hausman test to select the model specification. It was found that research and development expenditures (elasticity of 0.43) and the level of digitalization (elasticity of 0.31) make the largest contributions to innovation activity. Significant spatial autocorrelation of innovation activity was identified, indicating the presence of cluster effects. The results support the advisability of differentiated regional innovation policies with an emphasis on the development of technology clusters.

Example 3 (158 words)

PROBLEMS OF ENFORCEMENT OF RULES ON BANKRUPTCY OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ANALYSIS OF COURT PRACTICE FROM 2016 TO 2024

The institution of personal bankruptcy, introduced in Russia in 2015, is designed to balance the interests of debtors and creditors in the context of growing household indebtedness. Over the past decade, law enforcement has identified a number of systemic problems related to bad-faith behavior by debtors and inadequate protection of creditors' interests. The purpose of this study is to identify and systematize the challenges of enforcing personal bankruptcy regulations in the Russian Federation and to develop proposals for improving the legislation. The methodological basis consists of a comparative legal approach, formal legal analysis, and a summary of arbitration court practice from 2016 to 2024. 430 cases from the Arbitr and Garant databases were analyzed across key dispute categories: challenging debtor transactions, establishing indicators of deliberate bankruptcy, and forming a bankruptcy estate. It was found that in 38.4% of the cases reviewed, the courts identified evidence of debtor bad faith, while actual creditor refunds did not exceed 12% of the total claims. The main gaps are the lack of uniform criteria for debtor good faith and the lack of regulation of the status of marital property in bankruptcy proceedings. Specific proposals for amendments to the Federal Law on Insolvency (Bankruptcy) were formulated.